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Background and Aims:Regional anesthesia is a recommended technique for upper and lower limb surgeries with better postoperative profile. In this, randomized, double-blind study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the addition of dexmedetomidine to varying concentration of levobupivacaine for supra clavicular brachial plexus block.Material and Methods:After obtaining ethical Committee approval, a double-blind, randomized prospective clinical study was conducted on 90 American Society of Anesthesiologist Grade I and II patients in the age group of 18-55 years, divided randomly into two groups: Group A received 40 ml of solution containing 30 ml 0.5% levobupivacaine and 10 ml 1% lignocaine and group B received 40 ml of solution containing 30 ml 0.25% levobupivacaine and 10 ml 1% lignocaine with dexmedetomidine 1 microg/kg for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Besides effectiveness, other parameters observed were: duration of sensory blockade; onset and duration of motor blockade; duration of postoperative analgesia; and patient satisfaction score.Results:Onset of sensory and motor blockade was 7.6 ± 1.006 min and 8.3 ± 0.877 min in group A, while it was 6.96 ± 1.077 min an 7.6 ± 1.1 min in group B, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Duration of sensory block was 8.5 ± 0.77 h in group A and 8.5 ± 0.98 in group B (P > 0.05). Duration of motor block was 8.45 ± 0.75 h in group A and 5.6 ± 0.98 in group B (P < 0.05). Duration of analgesia was 8.5 ± 0.77 h in group A and 9.2 ± 1.05 in group B (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Addition of 1 microg/kg dexmedetomidine to 0.25% levobupivacaine for supraclaviclar plexus block shortens sensory, motor block onset time and motor block durations, extends sensory block, and analgesia durations. Reduction in total levobupivacaine dose also increases the safety margin of the block.

SUMMARY Closed‐form expressions for the displacements and stresses at an arbitrary point of a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly elastic half‐space caused by a dip‐slip line source obtained earlier are integrated analytically to derive the elastic residual field due to a long dip‐slip fault of finite width. The results are valid for an arbitrary dip of the fault and for arbitrary receiver locations inside the medium. The variation of the displacement and stress field with the distance from the fault is studied numerically. Contour maps showing the stress field around a long dip‐slip fault are obtained. Permanent surface deformations which occur as a result of faulting can be measured from geodetic surveys carried out before and after an earthquake. These observations can be used to obtain the fault parameters (dip, slip, width, depth) by inversion, using the theoretical expressions given in the paper. The features of the observational data which are diagnostic of the source properties are: the asymmetry of the data; the magnitude of various components of deformation; and the rate of fall of these components with distance. The asymmetry depends mainly on the dip, the magnitude on the slip and the rate of fall on the depth of the fault.

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Closed-form analytic expressions for the displacements and stresses at any point of a two-phase medium consisting of a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly elastic half-space in welded contact with a homogeneous, orthotropic, perfectly elastic half-space caused by two-dimensional seismic sources located in the isotropic half-space are obtained. The method consists of first finding the integral expressions for two half-spaces in welded contact from the corresponding expressions for an unbounded medium by applying suitable boundary conditions at the interface and then evaluating the integrals analytically. Numerical computations indicate that the deformation field due to a source in an isotropic half-space in welded contact with an anisotropic half-space may differ substantially from the deformation field when both the half-spaces are isotropic.