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This study was designed to assess anti-diabetic potential of goat, camel, cow and buffalo milk in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 1 diabetic albino wistar rats. A total of 48 rats were taken for the study where one group was kept as non-diabetic control group (8 rats) while others (40 rats) were made diabetic by STZ (50 mg/kg of body weight) injection. Among diabetic rats, a control group (8 rats) was kept and referred as diabetic control whereas other four groups (8 rats each) of diabetic rats were fed on 50 ml of goat or camel or cow or buffalo milk for 4 weeks. All the rats (non-diabetic and diabetic) were maintained on standard diet for four weeks. STZ administration resulted in enhancement of glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, HbA1c and reduction in high density lipoprotein in plasma and lowering of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) activities in pancreas, kidney, liver and RBCs, coupled with enhanced levels of TBARS and protein carbonyls in pancreas, kidney, liver and plasma. OGTT carried out at the end of 4 week milk feeding indicated that all milks helped in early maintenance of glucose level. All milks reduced atherogenic index. In camel milk fed diabetic group, insulin concentration enhanced to level noted for non-diabetic control while goat, cow and buffalo milk failed to restore insulin level. HbA1c level was also restored only in camel milk fed diabetic group. The level of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, GPx and SOD) in pancreas enhanced in all milk fed groups. Camel milk and to a reasonable extent goat milk reduced formation of TBARS and PCs in tissues and blood. It can be concluded that camel milk ameliorates hyperglycaemia and oxidative damage in type-1 diabetic experimental rats. Further, only camel milk completely ameliorated oxidative damage in pancreas and normalised insulin level.

There is a growing and alarming prevalence that increased serum cholesterol is closely related to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Probiotic consumption could be a safe and natural strategy to combat. Therefore, we sought to examine the cholesterol-lowering potential of co-supplementation of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum MTCC: 5898-fermented buffalo milk (2.5% fat) in rats fed cholesterol-enriched diet. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups on the basis of feed, viz. group 1, fed standard diet (SD); group 2, fed cholesterol-enriched diet (CED); and group 3, fed cholesterol-enriched diet along with L. fermentum MTCC: 5898-fermented milk (CED+LF) for 90 days. At the endpoint, significantly higher levels of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerols, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, coronary artery risk index, hepatic lipids, lipid peroxidation, and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the liver while significantly lower levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and anti-oxidative enzyme activities, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and kidney were observed in the CED group compared to the SD group. Compared to the CED group, these adverse physiological alterations were found significantly improved in the CED+LF group. Hence, this study proposes that L. fermentum MTCC: 5898 is a potential probiotic bacteria that can be consumed to tackle hypercholesterolemia. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

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A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2014 at the Research farm of Soil Science, Allahabad School of Agriculture, laid out in randomized block design, consisted nine treatments and three replications, it was observed that growth and yield of green gram in treatment N 20 P 40 K 40 + FYM @10 t ha -1 and Rhizobium was maximum. Maximum plant height 50.66 cm, number of leaves plant -1 33.00, number of branches plant -1 4.66 at 60 DAS, number of cluster plant -1 9.33, number of pods plant -1 37.33 and total seed yield 12.10 q ha -1 were found to be significant over all other treatment. Adequate plant nutrient supply holds the key for improving the growth and food grain production of crop.

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The main goal of this study was to assess the potential proteins of goat milk (i.e. α‐s1‐casein, α‐s2‐casein, β‐casein, κ‐casein, α‐lactoglobulin and β‐lactalbumin) as precursors of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bioinformatics tools such as BIOPEP‐UWM (enzyme action) were used for the in silico gastrointestinal digestion via a cocktail of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin A. The antimicrobial activity of peptides was predicted by using four algorithms, including Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, Artificial Neural Network and Discriminant Analysis on CAMPR3 online server, which works on Hidden Markov Models. Different online tools predicted the physiochemical properties, allergenicity, and toxicity of peptides as well. In silico gastrointestinal digestion simulation of proteins by enzymes cocktail yielded a total of 83 potential AMPs, with thirteen peptides being confident by all four algorithms. More AMPs were released from β‐casein (21) than from β‐lactoglobulin (16), α‐s1‐casein (15), α‐s2‐casein (12), κ‐casein (11) and α‐lactalbumin (9). A total of 17 peptides were cationic, and the majority of the peptides were extended AMPs. These peptides were released from α‐s1‐casein (SGK, IQK), α‐s2‐casein (SIR, AIH, TQPK), β‐casein (GPVR, AVPQR, AIAR, GVPK, SQPK, PVPQK, IH, VPK), k‐casein (AIPPK, QQR, IAK, TVPAK). All of the AMPs were anticipated to be non‐toxic, and 54 of the 83 peptides were confirmed to be non‐allergic, with the remaining 29 suspected of being allergenic and 31 to be predicted to have good water solubility. Further the molecular docking was used to evaluate the potent dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitors. On the basis of ligand binding energy, 17 predicted AMPs were selected and then analyzed by AutoDock tools. Among the 17 AMPs, 3 AMPs were predicted as high‐potent antimicrobial. Based on these findings, in silico investigations reveal that proteins of goat milk are a potential source of AMPs. These peptides can be synthesized and improved for use in the food sector. Practical applications Goat milk is regarded as a high‐quality milk protein source. According to this study, goat milk protein is a possible source of AMPs, and therefore, most important AMPs can be synthesized and developed for use in the food sector.