With increasing numbers of people with HIV/AIDS receiving oral dental care, dentists should have sufficient knowledge of the disease, and their attitude should meet professional expectations. HIV and AIDS–related knowledge among dental students provides a crucial foundation for efforts aimed at developing appropriate education on these topics. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the HIV/AIDS–related knowledge and attitudes amongst the 460 dental students of the Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly (UP), India. A self–administered survey consisting of fifty–three structured questions was conducted with the students. Overall, the response rate was 79.7 percent. The total mean knowledge and attitudes scores were 78.8 percent (excellent) and 77.7 percent (positive). There was no statistically significant difference between the knowledge and attitude scores of males and females. Regarding oral manifestations, Kaposi's sarcoma and candidiasis were the most identified. The results indicated that the students’ knowledge on HIV/AIDS generally increased as they progressed through the curriculum, but their utilization of all barrier techniques for infection control and clinical protocol lacked consistency and compliance. Hence, there is a need to address, more clearly, the students’ misconceptions and attitudes towards the disease.

Prevention and treatment of oral diseases and diabetes require persistent daily self-care, as there is a mutual association between periodontitis severity and level of diabetes control. In this questionnaire study, we investigated oral health behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of diabetesrelated factors among 500 Indian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The questionnaire asked about oral self-care, dental visits, self-perceived problems, and knowledge of the relationship between diabetes and oral health. The most recent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value was obtained from patient medical records. Overall, 22% of participants reported twicedaily toothbrushing; women were more likely than men to brush twice daily (P< 0.001). With respect to age and diabetes control, participants aged 35-44 years with good diabetes control had the highest rate of twice-daily brushing (P< 0.001). Oral self-care and use of dental services were poor among participants. The present results indicate that Indians with type 2 diabetes need further promotion of oral self-care and regular dental checkups to compensate for their increased risk of oral disease. (J Oral Sci 54, 293-301, 2012)

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been considered an enigmatic condition because the intensity of pain rarely corresponds to the clinical signs of the disease. Various local, systemic and psychological factors are associated with BMS, but its etiology is not fully understood. Also there is no consensus on the diagnosis and classification of BMS. A substantial volume of research has been focused on BMS during the last two decades. Progress has been made but the condition remains a fascinating, yet poorly understood area, in the field of oral medicine. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in this disorder with the discovery that the pain of BMS may be neuropathic in origin and originate both centrally and peripherally. The aim of this paper is to explore the condition of BMS with the specific outcome of increasing awareness of the condition. Key words:Burning mouth syndrome, stomatodynia, oral dysesthesia, pain management.

Assessing the medical history of patients before any treatment is an essential aspect of the dentist's responsibility; however, many dental practitioners assume that their patients are systemically healthy so their medical history is often overlooked. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported medical conditions among a sample of dental school patients at the Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India. Detailed medical histories were taken from 3,786 new dental patients in an outpatient setting. The demographic data, medical status, and use of medications from the charts were analyzed. Thirty-eight percent of the total patients had a positive finding in their medical history for at least one systemic condition. The most commonly reported systemic condition was hypertension (15.2 percent) followed by diabetes (11.4 percent), and 26 percent of the patients were taking at least one medication daily. The results of this study reflect the medical complexity of the increasingly aging population.Dr. Aggarwal is Senior Lecturer,

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INTRODUCTIONPneumatization is the formation of air cavities in bone. Apart from the major paranasal sinuses, air cells may arise singly or in clusters in numerous locations in the skull, including the temporal bone [1]. The nomenclature ZACD is used to denote accessory air cells observed in the zygomatic process of maxilla and articular eminence of the temporal bone, which simulate mastoid air cells [2]. It presents as an asymptomatic, non expansile, non destructive radioluceny on radiographs [3]. Recognition of normal anatomy as well as pathologies can be performed effectively with the utilization of widely used imaging modality that is panoramic radiography as it gives more extensive delineation of oro-facial area [2]. On the basis of radiographic appearance on panaromic radiograph there are three types of ZACD: 1. Unilocular type, 2. Multilocular type, 3. Trabecular type. Unilocular type of ZACD presents as radiolucency with well defined borders, whereas multilocular type appears as numerous small cavities within, which resemble mastoid air cells. The third variety is trabecular type which appears as multilocular entity with internal bony striations [1]. At the point when ZACDs have been exhibited preoperatively on a radiograph, these may be contraindications to perform surgical strategies, for example, eminoplasty or eminectomy for the treatment of mandibular dislocations as they get to be potential pathways for intracranial infections [3].The area of research that is the prevalence of ZACD in North Indian population is under investigated till date and presently has a limited empirical knowledge base. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ZACD amongst North Indian population and also to establish the dominant location and type. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study material comprised of 2500 panoramic radiographs of patients aged between 19 and 78 years, who visited Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology during the period of January 2009 to December 2013. All radiographs were obtained with Gendex Orthoralix 9200 (America) DDE Digital Pan/Ceph System panoramic radiographic machine operating at 65-80 kVp, 10 mA and 16 s. Cases in which the zygomatic arch was not adequately displayed for anatomical or technical reasons were excluded from the sample and did not constitute part of the sample. All persons gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in a study. All patients had no severe bone disease including tumor, cyst or fracture. Selection criteria for the acquisition of panoramic radiographs included caries, pain, missing or supernumerary teeth, mixed dentition analysis, periodontal disease, third molar extraction, extensive restorative dental procedures, prosthodontic evaluation, orthodontic evaluation and TMJ problems. Subsequently, ZACDs were classified depending on: (1) age and gender, (2) the location: unilateral or bilateral and (3) the appearance: unilocular or multilocular. Radiographs were examined in subdued ambient lighting using transmitted light fr...

Kocher Debre Semelaigne Syndrome is a rare syndrome with clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism associated with pseudomuscular hypertrophy. Very few cases have been reported on kocher-debre semelaigne syndrome in the literature with the incidence reported to be less than 10%. As per our knowledge; until now, only one case of oro-facial manifestations has been reported. Here we report one such case of Kocher debre semelaigne syndrome in an 11 year old boy, showing features of macroglossia, multiple impacted teeth, puffed lips and anterior open bite.