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This review article presents the findings of a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review of the scientific and technological progress of the cold spray process in the field of repair/remanufacturing using the concept of additive manufacturing. A thorough study was conducted on the potential of this technology to form (a) both thin and thick coatings; (b) the ability to fabricate 3D freeform components in a single process, while benefiting from reduced residual stress level compared to conventional thermal spray coatings processes such as high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) or plasma spraying. A systematic overview of the process technology, particularly focusing on the suitability of ceramic-metallic (cermet) composite particles used as feedstock in the deposition was conducted; further elaboration was made pertinent to particle impact and bonding mechanisms during the deposition.

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For real-time traffic, the link quality and call blocking probability (both derived from coverage probability) are realized to be poor for cell edge users (CEUs) compared to cell center users (CCUs) as the signal reception in the cell center region is better compared to the cell edge region. In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the uncoordinated channel access by different types of base stations determine the interference statistics that further arbitrates the coverage probability. Thus, the spectrum allocation techniques have major impact on the performance of CCU and CEU. In this paper, the performance of CCUs and CEUs in a random two-tier network is studied for two spectrum allocation techniques namely: 1) co-channel (CSA), and 2) shared (SSA). For performance analysis, the widely accepted conception of modeling the tiers of HetNet using independent homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) is considered to accommodate the spatial randomness in location of BSs. To incorporate the spatial randomness in the arrival of service and to aid the load-aware analysis, the cellular traffic is modeled using spatio-temporal PPP. Under this scenario, we have developed an analytical framework to evaluate the load-aware performance, including coverage and blocking probabilities, of CCUs and CEUs under both spectrum allocation techniques. Further, we provide insight into achievable area energy efficiency for SSA and CSA. The developed analytical framework is validated through extensive simulations. Next, we demonstrate the impact of traffic load and femto access points density on the performance of CCUs/CEUs under CSA and SSA.Index Terms-Cell center user, cell edge user, activity factor, coverage probability, blocking probability, femto access point, macro base station, Poisson point process.

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