Variable and unpredictable spontaneous recovery can occur after acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI). Despite the critical clinical and interventional trial planning implications of this tSCI feature, baseline measures to predict neurologic recovery accurately are not well defined. In this study, we used data derived from 99 consecutive patients (78 male, 21 female) with acute cervical tSCIs to assess the sensitivity and specificity of various clinical and radiological factors in predicting recovery at one year after injury. Categorical magnetic resonance imaging parameters included maximum canal compromise (MCC), maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC), longitudinal length of intramedullary lesion (IML), Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC) score, and a novel derived Combined Axial and Sagittal Score (CASS). Logistic regression analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was applied to assess the differential predictive value of individual imaging markers. Admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, presence of a spinal fracture, and central cord syndrome were predictive of AIS conversion at one year. Both BASIC and IML were stronger predictors of AIS conversion compared with MCC and MSCC (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.04). The BASIC score demonstrated the highest overall predictive value for AIS conversion at one year (AUC 0.94). We conclude that admission intrinsic cord signal findings are robust predictive surrogate markers of neurologic recovery after cervical tSCI. Direct comparison of imaging parameters in this cohort of patients indicates that the BASIC score is the single best acute predictor of the likelihood of AIS conversion.

OBJECTIVEProximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) can progress to proximal junctional failure (PJF), a widely recognized early and serious complication of multisegment spinal instrumentation for the treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD). Sublaminar band placement has been suggested as a possible technique to prevent PJK and PJF but carries the theoretical possibility of a paradoxical increase in these complications as a result of the required muscle dissection and posterior ligamentous disruption. In this study, the authors prospectively assess the safety as well as the early clinical and radiological outcomes of sublaminar band insertion at the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) plus 1 level (UIV+1).METHODSBetween August 2015 and February 2017, 40 consecutive patients underwent either upper (T2–4) or lower (T8–10) thoracic sublaminar band placement at the UIV+1 during long-segment thoracolumbar arthrodesis surgery. Outcome measures were prospectively collected and uploaded to a web-based REDCap database specifically designed to include demographic, clinical, and radiological data. All patients underwent clinical assessment, as well as radiological assessment with anteroposterior and lateral 36-inch whole-spine standing radiographs both pre- and postoperatively.RESULTSForty patients (24 women and 16 men) were included in this study. Median age at surgery was 64.0 years with an IQR of 57.7–70.0 years. Median follow-up was 12 months (IQR 6–15 months). Three procedure-related complications were noted, including 2 intraoperative cerebrospinal spinal fluid leaks and 1 transient neurological deficit. Median visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back pain significantly improved after surgery (preoperatively: 8.0, IQR 6.0–10.0; 1-year follow-up: 2.0, IQR 0.0–6.0; p = 0.001). Median Oswestry Disability Index (version 2.1a) scores also significantly improved after surgery (preoperatively: 56.0, IQR 45.0–64.0; 1-year follow-up: 46.0, IQR 22.2–54.0; p < 0.001). Sagittal vertical axis (preoperatively: 9.0 cm, IQR 5.3–11.6 cm; final follow-up: 4.7 cm, IQR 2.0–6.6 cm; p < 0.001), pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (24.7°, IQR 11.2°–31.2°; 7.7°, IQR −1.2° to 19.5°; p < 0.001), and pelvic tilt (28.7°, IQR 20.4°–32.6°; 17.1°, IQR 10.8°–25.2°; p < 0.001) were all improved at the final follow-up. While proximal junctional (PJ) Cobb angles increased overall at the final follow-up (preoperatively: 4.2°, IQR 1.9°–7.4°; final follow-up: 8.0°, IQR 5.8°–10.3°; p = 0.002), the significant increase was primarily noted starting at the immediate postoperative time point (7.2°, IQR 4.4°–11.8°; p = 0.001) and not beyond. Three patients (7.5%) developed radiological PJK (mean ΔPJ Cobb 15.5°), while there were no instances of PJF in this cohort.CONCLUSIONSSublaminar band placement at the UIV+1 during long-segment thoracolumbar instrumented arthrodesis is relatively safe and is not associated with an increased rate of PJK. Moreover, no subjects developed PJF. Prospective large-scale and long-term analysis is needed to define the potential benefit of sublaminar bands in reducing the incidence of PJK and PJF following surgery for ASD.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02411799 (clinicaltrials.gov)

Objective Varying types of clinicoradiologic presentations at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) influence the decision process for occipitocervical fusion (OCF) surgery. We discuss the operative techniques and decision-making process in OCF surgery based on our clinical experience and a literature review. Material and Methods A total of 49 consecutive patients who underwent OCF participated in the study. Sagittal computed tomography images were used to illustrate and measure radiologic parameters. We measured Wackenheim clivus baseline (WCB), clivus-canal angle (CCA), atlantodental distance (ADD), and Powers ratio (PR) in all the patients. Results Clinical improvement on Nurick grading was recorded in 36 patients. Patients with better preoperative status (Nurick grades 1-3) had better functional outcomes after the surgery (p = 0.077). Restoration of WCB, CCA, ADD, and PR parameters following the surgery was noted in 39.2%, 34.6%, 77.4%, and 63.3% of the patients, respectively. Complications included deep wound infections (n = 2), pseudoarthrosis (n = 2), and deaths (n = 4). Conclusion Conventional wire-based constructs are superseded by more rigid screw-based designs. Odontoidectomy is associated with a high incidence of perioperative complications. The advent of newer implants and reduction techniques around the CVJ has obviated the need for this procedure in most patients.

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OBJECT Minimally invasive spine surgeries (MISSs) have gained immense popularity in the last few years. Concern about the radiation exposure has also been raised. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the impact of body habitus on the radiation emission during various MISS procedures. The authors also aim to evaluate the effect the surgeon's experience has on the amount of radiation exposure during MISS especially with regard to patient size. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 332 patients who underwent 387 MISS procedures performed at their institution from January 2010 to August 2013 by a single surgeon. The dose of radiation emission available from the fluoroscopic equipment was recorded from the electronic database. The authors analyzed mainly 3 procedure groups: microdiscectomy/decompression (MiDD, n = 211) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) either with unilateral instrumentation (UnTLIF, n = 106) or bilateral instrumentation (BiTLIF, n = 70). The patients in each procedure group were divided into 6 categories based on the WHO criteria for obesity: underweight (body mass index [BMI] < 18.50), normal (18.50–24.99), overweight (25.00–29.99), Class 1 obese (30.00–34.99), Class 2 obese (35.00– 39.99), and Class 3 obese (> 40.00). RESULTS Patients who underwent BiTLIF had the highest median radiation exposure (113 mGy, SD 9.44), whereas microdiscectomy required minimal exposure (12.62 mGy, SD 2.75 mGy). There was a significant correlation between radiation emission and BMI of the patients during all MISS procedures (p < 0.05). The median radiation exposure was substantially greater with larger patients (p ≤ 0.001). In the analyses within the procedure groups, radiation exposure was found to be significantly high in patients who were severely obese (Class 2 and Class 3 obesity). The radiation emission was lower during the surgeries performed in 2013 than during those performed in 2010 especially in obese patients; however, this observation was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Body habitus of the patients has a substantial impact on radiation emission during MISS. Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) is associated with a significantly greater risk of radiation exposure compared with other weight categories. Surgical experience seems to be associated with lower radiation emission especially in cases in which patients have a higher BMI; however, further studies should be performed to examine this effect.

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ObjectiveThere are several reports, which documented a high incidence of complications following the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in anterior cervical fusions (ACFs). The objective of this study is to share our experience with low-dose rhBMP-2 in anterior cervical spine.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 197 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion (ACF) with the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) during 2007-2012. A low-dose rhBMP-2 (0.7mg/level) sponge was placed exclusively within the cage. In 102 patients demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was filled around the BMP sponge. Incidence and severity of dysphagia was determined by 5 points SWAL-QOL scale.ResultsTwo patients had prolonged hospitalization due to BMP unrelated causes. Following the discharge, 13.2%(n=26) patients developed dysphagia and 8.6%(n=17) patients complained of neck swelling. More than half of the patients (52.9%, n=9) with neck swelling also had associated dysphagia; however, only 2 of these patients necessitated readmission. Both of these patients responded well to the intravenous dexamethasone. The use of DBM did not affect the incidence and severity of complications (p>0.05). Clinico-radiological evidence of fusion was not observed in 2 patients.ConclusionA low-dose rhBMP-2 in ACFs is not without risk. However, the incidence and severity of complications seem to be lower with low-dose BMP placed exclusively inside the cage. Packing DBM putty around the BMP sponge does not affect the safety profile of rhBMP-2 in ACFs.