The necessity and impact of SARS-CoV2 on the world's health have led to the development and producing practical and useful vaccines for this deadly respiratory virus. Since April 2020, a vaccine for the virus has been developed. Given that comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are more prone to viruses and the risk of infection, vaccines should be designed to protect against high-risk respiratory illnesses. In this review, we discussed the cardiovascular alteration in SARS-CoV2 treatment, and we also reviewed the vaccination information and studies that have been done to primary considerations for cardiac patients.

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Toxins present in cigarette and e-cigarette smoke constitute a significant cause of illnesses and are known to have fatal health impacts. Specific mechanisms by which toxins present in smoke impair cell repair are still being researched and are of prime interest for developing more effective treatments. Current literature suggests toxins present in cigarette smoke and aerosolized e-vapor trigger abnormal intercellular responses, damage mitochondrial function, and consequently disrupt the homeostasis of the organelle’s biochemical processes by increasing reactive oxidative species. Increased oxidative stress sets off a cascade of molecular events, disrupting optimal mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis. Furthermore, smoking-induced oxidative stress may also amalgamate with other health factors to contribute to various pathophysiological processes. An increasing number of studies show that toxins may affect mitochondria even though exposure to secondhand or thirdhand smoke. This review assesses the impact of toxins present in tobacco smoke and e-vapor on mitochondrial health, networking, and critical structural processes including mitochondria fission, fusion, hyperfusion, fragmentation, and mitophagy. The efforts are focused on discussing current evidence linking toxins present in first, second, and thirdhand smoke to mitochondrial dysfunction

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Objectives: Antibiotics are frequently used in tertiary care hospitals. We conducted an observational study on children admitted to a teaching hospital in south India, to make a profile of antibiotics use and suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) owing to them. Methods: Hospitalized children of either sex, aged between 1 month and 12 years, were inspected. Baseline demographic and clinical features, duration of hospital stay, antibiotics received in hospital along with dosing and indications and interest of suspected ADRs attributable to their use were recorded. Every patient was followed up till discharge, admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, or passing. Results: Over the year and a half report period 364 confirmations were screened. The prevalence of Antibiotics use was 80.22%. The majority of the 292 children who received Antibiotics were males (63.35%). Median age was 35 months, five children died. In most instances, either two (41%) or a single antibiotic (37.32%) was used. Ceftriaxone, co-amoxiclav, amikacin, vancomycin, and ampicillin were predominantly used. Antimalarials, antivirals and antiprotozoals were used occasionally. Average number of Antibiotics per patient was 2.2± 1.1 the majority (81.15%) were by parenteral route and initial choice was usually empirical. Prescriptions were usually in generic name. The antibiotic treatment went somewhere in the range of 1 and 32days, with a middle of 8 days. Five ADRs were noted of which half were skin rash and the rest loose stools. Conclusions: The profile of Antibiotic utilize is comprehensively like prior Indian investigations. Apparent overuse of multiple Antibiotics per prescription and the parenteral route requires exploration. Antibiotics are being used empirically in the absence of policy. ADRs to Antibiotics are occasional and usually mild. The benchmark information can serve in situation analysis for antibiotic prescribing guidelines.Keywords: Antibiotic; Pediatric infections; Adverse drug reactions; Tertiary care hospital.

Cancer is one of the prime rationales for mortality in humanity and remains a difficult disease to treat. Contemporary problems allied with conventional cancer chemotherapies embrace the insolubility of drugs in an aqueous medium, delivery of sub-therapeutic doses to target cells, lack of bioavailability, and most importantly, non-specific toxicity to normal tissues. Recent advances in nanotechnology investigation tackle potential solutions to these riddles. However, there are challenges regarding targeting specific sites, tracking the delivery system and control over the release of the drug to the target site. The nanodevices are 100 to 1000 times smaller than cells in humans; their size is comparable to the enzymes, the receptors. This enables them to have a large surface area and ability to interact with biomolecules on both the surface and inside cells. Nanomedicines between 8-100 nm have an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which make these medicines to target passively the solid tumours.

Many multifaceted diseases, the complexity of which we are just beginning to understand and supposed to include epigenetic pathways. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma are two respiratory diseases risk with influential environmental factors depending on the underlying inherited vulnerability. Via the modulation of ecological effects to regulate disease development, epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modification, methylation of DNA, and miRNA can be concerned in these processes. Because of their proven modifiability, epigenetic mechanisms open up new opportunities for clinical interference. In this review, we summarised an overview of respiratory epigenetics for COPD, which is the relevance of our existing awareness of mechanisms that lead to these diseases. We also emphasized the epigenetic studies of heritable phenotype changes and the involvement in DNA sequence alterations.