Skin, the largest organ of the body serves as a potential route of drug delivery for local and systemic effects. However, the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum (SC) acts as a tough barrier that prevents penetration of hydrophilic and high molecular weight drugs. Ethosomes are a novel phospholipid vesicular carrier containing high ethanol concentrations and offer improved skin permeability and efficient bioavailability due to their structure and composition. This article gives a review of ethosomes including their compositions, types, mechanism of drug delivery, stability, and safety behaviour. This article also provides a detailed overview of drug delivery applications of ethosomes in various diseases.
Purpose: To isolate and identify the constituents of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd (Nyctaginaceae) stem bark. , pinitol, β-sitosterol, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside
Methods: The methanol extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis stem bark powder was suspended in water and extracted with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH) successively. The ethyl acetate fraction was loaded in a column packed with silica gel and eluted with a gradient of chloroform (CHCl3): methanol (MeOH), and water yielded five fractions (A -E). Chemical constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography of these fractions.
Results: Column chromatography of fractions B and C afforded four compounds identified as pinitol, β-sitosterol, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside. For the first time
The Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) classifies the drugs based on their intrinsic
solubility and intestinal permeability. The drugs with good solubility and intestinal permeability
have good bioavailability. The drugs with poor solubility and poor permeability have solubility dependent
and permeability dependent bioavailability, respectively. In the current pharmaceutical field,
most of the drugs have poor solubility. To solve the problem of poor solubility, various solubility enhancement
approaches have been successfully used. The effects of these solubility enhancing approaches
on the intestinal permeability of the drugs are a matter of concern, and must not be overlooked.
The current review article focuses on the effect of various solubility enhancing approaches viz.
cyclodextrin, surfactant, cosolvent, hydrotropes, and amorphous solid dispersion, on the intestinal
permeability of drugs. This article will help in the designing of the optimized formulations having balanced
solubility enhancement without affecting the permeability of drugs.
A recent study on the deployment of nanoparticles in the consumer and healthcare sectors has shown highly serious safety concerns. This is despite the fact that nanoparticles offer a vast array of applications and great promise. According to studies on how nanoparticles interact with neurons, the central nervous system experiences both negative and positive impacts (CNS). With a maximum concentration of 0.1-1.0 wt.%, nanoparticles can be incorporated into materials to impart antibacterial and antiviral properties. Depending on the host or base materials utilised, this concentration may be transformed into a liquid phase release rate (leaching rate). For instance, nanoparticulate silver (Ag) or copper oxide (CuO)-filled epoxy resin exhibits extremely restricted release of the metal ions (Ag+ or Cu2+) into their surroundings unless they are physically removed or deteriorated. Nanoparticles are able to traverse a variety of barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and skin, and are capable of penetrating biological systems and leaking into internal organs. In these circumstances, it is considered that the maximum drug toxicity test limit (10 g ml 1), as measured in artificial cerebrospinal solution, is far lower than the concentration or dosage. As this is a fast-increasing industry, as the public's exposure to these substances increases, so does their use. Thus, neurologists are inquisitive about how nanoparticles influence human neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in terms of both their potential benefits and drawbacks. This study will emphasise and address it.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are transforming health services throughout the world. Health information and technologies (HITs) involve application of information processing using computer for storage, retrieval, sharing and use of information and knowledge for communication by a pharmacist. Similarly electronic prescription (EP) services have made the dispensing and reimbursement processes more efficient. Maintenance of patient record become easy by using ICTs. Barcode identification of medicines can be used to reduce medicine administration errors and to improve the medication history of patients. Telecare using digital communications technology provides healthcare consultations and other health care services to rural, old & handicap patients easily and improves their access to healthcare by reducing their hospital attendance. In developing countries like India, it is quite a challenging task to provide access to information and communication technologies. As the geographical diversity is also a challenging for implementation of ICTs at everywhere. Information and technologies are giving a way to access the data all over the globe. ICTs have brought transformation in education in all over the world. Information and technologies are removing barriers from learning education. ICT applications are becoming indispensable tools for traditional and vocational education. In the field of pharmaceutical sciences, ICTs can further enhance the quality of education. As lots of modifications and newer drugs are coming in the market, it is quite a challenging task to a pharmacist to update knowledge to serve the society in an efficient way. ICT can be utilized in health care to improve quality of patient centric services.
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