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Aim and Objectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) by the use of Helkimo's index (anamnestic [Ai] and clinical dysfunction [Di] component) in the nonpatient population (dental students) of Faridabad college.Settings and Design:A questionnaire-based survey was carried out among students of dental college for signs and symptoms of TMD and also clinical examination was done. The results were scored and according to scoring severity of TMD were assessed in the specified population.Materials and Methods:About 580 students were assessed for TMD by the use of Helkimo's index (Ai and Di component). Descriptive statistical analysis was done.Results:Among the study group, 15% were found to have TMDs. Out of the affected students, 79% females and 21% males were having symptoms. Out of the signs and symptoms present, 7% students were found to have sound in temporomandibular joint followed by pain in 3% and fatigue in 2% of students. On clinical examination, limited mouth opening was found in 6% students followed by locked mandible in 1%, deviation of jaw in 0.6%, and jaw rigidity of mandible in 0.6% of individual.Conclusion:To summarize, Helkimo index is a well-founded index to assess TMD in a specified population. Signs and symptoms of TMD were present among students although low prevalence of TMD was found in the students.

With an increase in the discharge of contaminated wastewater from point and non-point/diffuse sources, a great burden has been inflicted upon the environment. Although treatment systems are available for industry, due to the high cost, inadequate/untreated wastewater is discharged directly into near-by water sources. Major contaminants, such as heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, antibiotics, endocrine disrupting compounds and microplastics etc. are posing a risk to aquatic and human life. Studies have highlighted a decrease in the levels of dissolved oxygen, biomagnification of toxic components and increased nutrient content (leading to eutrophication) in receiving water bodies. Further, irrigation with contaminated water cause many negative effects, especially on soil properties i.e. low carbon mineralization, low microbial biomass, poor enzyme activities and change in soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). In humans, severe side effects, including neurotoxicity, mutations, cancer and disruption of endocrine and reproductive systems has been reported. This chapter summarizes the detrimental effects of various contaminants on environment and human health.

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