Introduction: The spread of the corona virus has been so swift and intense that since October of 2020. The first case of this viral infection was reported and diagnosed in December of 2019 and since then this disease has taken no time in turning into a worldwide pandemic. Aim: To assess the inter-relationship of comorbidities and mortality in patients infected with the coronavirus disease. Methodology: The method of this study included taking into consideration all individuals infected with the viral disease in the specific time period. This study focuses on achieving results against two outcomes: Mortality as a result of any cause within 30-days after the initial COVID-19 virus detection and severity index data (composite) containing hospitalization and mortality details. The logistic regressions model and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to adapt the study being conducted to the socio-economic situation. The conclusions drawn from the study were also divided into age groups. A sum total of 200 individuals infected with COVID-19 were taken into consideration for this study. Half of these patients were assessed and were shown to have at least one other disease (comorbidity). These patients were followed up and the median time period for this follow-up assessment was 20 days. Study design: A Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Isra University Hospital from 1st Feburary 2021 to 31st July 2021. Results: The results of this study showed that the participants of this study that one or more secondary illnesses (primary illness, in this case, being the coronavirus infection) had a higher chance of death via coronavirus as compared to individuals only infected by the viral infection. The study also brought to attention that as each number of comorbidities grew (for example, if a patient infected with COVID-19 was also assessed positive for hypertension and heart diseases, so did the chance for mortality; 2.14 times per comorbidity. The adverse impact of one or more comorbidities on people over the age of 50 is much more drastic (higher risk of death) as compared to people under than the said age group. Conclusion: This study has found that the presence of comorbidities in the considered individuals such as Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and HIV were associated with severity in the coronavirus disease as well as a high risk of mortality.
Objective: The objective of this study to detect the vitamin D deficiencyassociated to different risk factors in the patients with CLD. Study Design: Descriptive study.Setting: MMC Mirpur Khas and LUH Jamshoro / Hyderabad. Period: Nov 2013 to Apr 2014.Patients and Methods: All the cases with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis were includedin the study after diagnosis. All the patients with HCC, diabetes and with renal failure wereexcluded from the study. Assessment of CLD causes was carried out by routine investigation,ultrasound of abdomen and patient’s personal history. Furthermore to assessment of vitamin Dstatus, by measuring serum concentration level as 25(OH) of the vitamin D. Blood sample of allthe cases were send to the Diagnostic and research Laboratory of LUMHS. Results: Male werefound in the majority 60.0% and female 40.0%, with the mean age of (mean±SD=49.8±6.5).Deficiency of the vitamin D was calculated according to different causes in according VitaminD classification as; (Mild class 20–31 ng/ml), (Moderate class 7–19 ng/ml) and (Severe class \7ng/ml). In the mild class HBV infected patients 78.95% were most common. In moderate classHBV +HCV infected patients were most common 52.94%. Patients with history of alcohol werefound in majority with severe deficiency of vitamin D 57.14%. Conclusion: In this study weconcluded that vitamin D deficiency increases with increases of liver severity, it’s mostly foundin the HCV infected and alcoholic liver disease, these patients should take vitamin D regularly,and food which contains rich source of Vitamin D.
Objective: To determine the frequency of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction at tertiary care Hospital. Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Cardiology, Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro, from July 2019 to January 2020. All the patients those presented with myocardial infarction and either of gender were included in the study. After taking complete clinical examination and diagnosis, patients were interviewed regarding family history, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits and life style activities. Non modifiable predisposing risk factors were defined as age, gender and family history. Modifiable risk factors were defined as elevated serum cholesterol, presence of type II DM, cigarette smoking, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle and hypertension. All the data was recorded in self-made proforma. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21 Results: Total 100 patients were studied; most common age group was 41-50 years (45.0%), and 51-60 years (35.0%). According to the types of myocardial infarction, Acute anterior wall MI was in 25.0%, Acute inferior MI was in 20.0%, EXT ANT WALL MI was in 16.0% and Acute inferior +RV MI was in 15.0% of patients. Elevated age in 70.0% and male gender in 69% of cases were found to be most common non-modifiable risk factors, while frequently seen Modifiable risk factors were smoking, type II diabetes, hypercholesteremia, hypertension, and physical activities. Conclusion: It was observed that elevated age, male gender, smoking, diabetes and hypertension are frequent risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction. Keywords: Modifiable, non-modifiable, risk factors, MI
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of stop-bang questionnaire to diagnose high risk patients of obstructive sleep apnea taking polysomnography as gold standard. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Isra University Hospital Hyderabad and help taken from Sleep Disorder Laboratory, The Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi. Patients with age of 18 to 70 years, presenting with symptoms of OSA of either gender were included. History was taken from patients. STOP- BANG Questionnaire was filled out for each patient consenting to participate in the study. All information was noted and entered in the Proforma. Results: Mean age of patients was 40.1 with standard deviation 17.6, mean AHI score was 20 with standard deviation 6 and stop bang score showed average 6.8 with standard deviation 2.7. Distribution of gender showed that most of the patients were male. Diagnostic accuracy calculated for stop bang questionnaire, sensitivity 77.2%, Specificity 65.5%, Positive Predictive Value 75.4%, Negative Predictive Value 67.8%, Diagnostic Accuracy 72.3% of stop bang questionnaire as follows. Conclusion: This study confirms the STOP-Bang questionnaire's high performance in screening for Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the surgical population and sleep clinic. The likelihood of OSA severity increases from moderate to severe with the increasing STOP-Bang score. Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea, stop-bang questionnaire, apnea-hypopnea index, polysomnogram
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