Purpose To retrospectively analyze whether Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 is helpful for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approved this retrospective study. A total of 425 patients with prostate cancer who had undergone magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and radical prostatectomy were included. Preoperative parameters such as prostate-specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score, greatest percentage of the core, percentage of the positive core number, and score at PI-RADS version 2 with MR imaging were investigated. Two independent readers performed PI-RADS scoring. Clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as follows: (a) Gleason score of 7 or greater, (b) tumor volume of 0.5 cm(3) or greater, or a (c) positive extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion. The reference standard was based on review of surgical specimen. Logistic regression was conducted to determine which parameters are associated with the presence of clinically significant cancer. Interreader agreement (ie, score ≥4 or not) was investigated by using κ statistics. Results At univariate analysis, all of the preoperative parameters were significant for clinically significant prostate cancer (P < .05). However, multivariate analysis revealed that PI-RADS score was the only significant parameter for both readers (reader 1: odds ratio = 28.170, P = .002; reader 2: odds ratio = 5.474, P = .007). The interreader agreement was excellent for PI-RADS score of 4 or greater (weighted κ = 0.801; 95% confidence interval: 0.737, 0.865). Conclusion The use of PI-RADS version 2 may help preoperatively diagnose clinically significant prostate cancer. (©) RSNA, 2016.

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anatomic factor for OSAS. [11][12][13] Pathological conditions such as a redundant or long uvula and enlarged tonsils are thought to be the predominant causes of upper airway collapse during sleep and are indications for surgery to decrease snoring, apnea, and snoring-related cardinal symptoms. The upper airway mucosa can be easily affected by smoking, and longer exposure to smoking may cause abnormal histological changes to the upper airway mucosa. Therefore, evaluation of the uvular changes after exposure to smoking is important for understanding how smoking directly affects the uvular mucosa.This study was designed to determine the relationship between smoking and OSAS. We reviewed the sleep studies of smokers and nonsmokers who were diagnosed with OSAS to Objective: Smoking is a known risk factor for snoring, and is reported to be associated with an increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The purpose of this was to determine the relationship of smoking to the severity of OSAS and examine what local histological changes in the uvular mucosa of OSAS patients might infl uence this relationship. Study Design and Methods: Fifty-seven OSAS subjects were included and classifi ed according to smoking history and OSAS severity. Twenty-eight subjects were heavy smokers and 29 were nonsmokers; these 57 patients were divided according to moderate or severe OSAS. Histologic changes in the uvular mucosa were evaluated in all subjects as well as smoking duration and OSAS severity. Results: Among smokers, moderate-to-severe OSAS was more common, and apnea, hypopnea, and oxygen desaturation indices were higher. Moreover, smoking duration and OSAS severity were signifi cantly correlated. Increased thickness and edema of the uvular mucosa lamina propria were observed in moderate and severe OSAS patients, and only smokers had signifi cant changes in uvular mucosa histology. Positive staining for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuroinfl ammatory marker for peripheral nerves, was increased in the uvular mucosa of smokers. Conclusions: Our results suggest that smoking may worsen OSAS through exacerbation of upper airway collapse at the level of the uvula, and that histological changes of the uvular mucosa correlated with smoking might be due to increased CGRP-related neurogenic infl ammation. S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N SO bstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a complex, chronic disorder characterized by snoring, periodic apnea, hypoxemia during sleep, and daytime hypersomnolence.1 Its prevalence is 16% to 33% in men and 8% to 19% in women. 2,3 OSAS has been shown to increase the risk of hypertension, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. [4][5][6] In addition, clinical studies have reported that OSAS increases morbidity from crashes caused by daytime somnolence, and have focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of OSAS. Obesity, male sex, older age, alcohol use, genetic factors, and a narrowed upper airway are well-known risk factors for OSAS, and smoking may be ...

• No subject with PI-RADS <4 had BCR after RP • PI-RADSv2 was the only predictor of BCR in multivariate analysis • Two-year, BCR-free survival following RP was lower for PI-RADS≥4 than for PI-RADS<4 • Inter-rater agreement was good for PI-RADS ≥4 or not.

Tumour ADC on DWI may be a predictive biomarker for BCR following radical prostatectomy.

The apparent tumor presence on combined T2WI, DWI, and DCE-MRI of pretreatment MRI is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after RP. This finding may be used to construct a predictive model for biochemical recurrence after surgery.

MRI is equivalent to CT for characterizing adenomas measuring 20 HU or less on unenhanced CT. However, MRI is inferior to CT for adenomas measuring more than 20 HU because of decreased MR sensitivity.

BOLD MRI performed using different gradient echoes at 3 T is feasible and reproducible in patients with renal allografts and can show significant changes in medullary oxygenation in patients with acute rejection.