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Endovascular and open management of NARAD confers long-term benefit for blood pressure, renal function, renal artery/graft patency, and survival. Open revascularization results in superior 1- and 5-year outcomes compared with endovascular management and provides the most durable outcome for NARAD.

Reports of fatality following carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography (CO 2-DSA) have raised concerns regarding its safety. This study reviews the safety of CO 2-DSA.

TA progression is common in patients who require revascularization for end-organ ischemia. This finding emphasizes the need for global lifelong vascular surveillance of all patients who undergo surgical intervention for TA. The effect of steroid and immunosuppressive therapy on reducing reoperation requires further study.

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The hybrid procedure is associated with acceptable rates of mortality and paraplegia when used for treatment of arch/proximal descending thoracic/TAAA. These results support this procedure as a reasonable approach to a difficult surgical problem; however, longer follow-up is required to appraise its ultimate clinical utility.