The development of a high-efficiency TiO 2 photocatalyst is of great importance to a variety of solar light conversion and application fields; the desired high efficiency can be achieved by employing well-controlled TiO 2 nanoarchitectures. In this study, we have successfully synthesized well-ordered and aligned high surface area mesoporous TiO 2 nanofibers (TiO 2 -NF) by electrospinning of TiO 2 powder dispersed in viscous polymer solution and subsequent calcination. For comparison, TiO 2 nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NP) are also prepared from calcination of the same TiO 2 powder. The TiO 2 -NF of ca. 500 nm in diameter and a few micrometers in length consist of compactly and densely packed spherical nanoparticles of ca. 20 nm in size and have mesopores of 3-4 nm in radius. Photocatalytic comparison between TiO 2 -NF and TiO 2 -NP indicated that the former had far higher photocatalytic activities in photocurrent generation by a factor of 3 and higher hydrogen production by a factor of 7. The photocatalytic superiority of TiO 2 -NF is attributed to effects of mesoporosity and nanoparticle alignment, which could cause efficient charge separation through interparticle charge transfer along the nanofiber framework. Finally, various surface characterization experiments were conducted and included to understand the photocatalytic behaviors of TiO 2 -NF and TiO 2 -NP.

DILI appears to be a highly relevant health problem in Korea. "Herbal medications" are the principal cause of DILI. A more objective and reproducible causality assessment tool is strongly desired as the RUCAM scale frequently undercounts the cases caused by herbs owing to a lack of previous information and incompatible time criteria.

Our findings show that transient human matrix metalloproteinase-1 overexpression in the liver effectively attenuates established fibrosis and induces hepatocyte proliferation.

1 Solar conversion of carbon dioxide and water to value-added chemicals remains a challenge. A 2 number of solar-active catalysts have been reported but still suffer from low selectivity, poor 3 energy efficiency, and instability, and fail to drive simultaneous water oxidation. Herein, we 4 report CuFeO 2 and CuO mixed p-type catalysts fabricated via a widely employed electroplating 5 of earth-abundant cupric and ferric ions followed by annealing under atmospheric air. The 6 composite electrodes exhibited onset potentials at +0.9 V vs. RHE in CO 2 -purged bicarbonate 7 solution and converted CO 2 to formate with over 90% selectivity under simulated solar light (Air 8 Mass 1.5, 100 mW⋅cm −2 ). Wired CuFeO 2 /CuO photocathode and Pt anode couples produced 9 formate over 1 week at a solar-to-formate energy conversion efficiency of ~1% (selectivity 10 >90%) without any external bias while O 2 was evolved from water. Isotope and nuclear magnetic 11 resonance analyses confirmed the simultaneous production of formate and O 2 at the stand-alone 12 couples. Solar CO 2 recycling has received wide attention primarily to address global CO 2 emission and to 1 convert CO 2 and water to value-added chemicals. 1-3 Despite a long research history over the past 2 four decades, 4,5 the technology remains in an early stage, with low CO 2 conversion efficiency 3 and selectivity. CO 2 is highly stable and has limited solubility in water, and its reduction requires 4 multiple proton-coupled electron transfers, resulting in a range of carbon intermediates (C1 -5 C3) 2,6 as well as a larger amount of H 2 over CO 2 conversion products. 7-9 6 For the realization of solar CO 2 recycling, the system of interest should be operated 7 sustainably, which requires the development of not only energy-efficient and cost-effective 8 materials but also stand-alone, complete reaction processes (CO 2 reduction and water oxidation) 9 operating for long periods without any external bias. 10-12 A range of semiconductors (mostly p-10 types) have been studied for CO 2 conversion, including GaP, 4 InP, 5 GaAs, 13 Si, 8,14 Cu 2 O, 15-18 and 11 CuFeO 2 , 19,20 all of which have narrow bandgaps (E g ) and sufficient Fermi levels (E F ) capable of 12 reducing CO 2 . Although promising, these materials inherently require potential biases to drive 13 the CO 2 reduction reaction and compete with other metallic electrodes, 21 whereas complete 14 reactions (CO 2 reduction and water oxidation) have been rarely demonstrated due to large 15 overpotentials. Photocathode-photoanode couples have been demonstrated to operate, 11 yet the 16 syntheses of materials are complicated and the energy conversion efficiency is low (max. 0.14%). 17 We have searched for high-efficiency, low-cost, and scalable p-type materials and found 18 that CuFeO 2 and CuO mixed materials meet all requirements. To our surprise, this material 19 converted CO 2 to formate with selectivity greater than 90% over 1 week and simultaneously 20 produced molecular oxygen via water oxidation when simply ...