Li[Ni0.65Co0.13Mn0.22]O2 cathode with two‐sloped full concentration gradient (TSFCG), maximizing the Ni content in the inner part of the particle and the Mn content near the particle surface, is synthesized via a specially designed batch‐type reactor. The cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 200 mAh g−1 (4.3 V cutoff) with excellent capacity retention of 88% after 1500 cycles in a full‐cell configuration. Overall electrochemical performance of the TSFCG cathode is benchmarked against conventional cathode (CC) with same composition and commercially available Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2 (NCA). The TSFCG cathode exhibits the best cycling stability, rate capability, and thermal stability of the three electrodes. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the cycled TSFCG, CC, and NCA cathodes shows that the TSFCG electrode maintains both its mechanical and structural integrity whereas the NCA electrode nearly pulverizes due to the strain during cycling.

The energy gain in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is ultimately limited by dephasing, occurring when accelerated electrons outrun the accelerating phase of the wakefield. We apply quasi-phasematching, enabled by axially modulated plasma channels, to overcome this limitation. By matching the modulation period to the dephasing length, a relativistic electron can undergo energy gain over several dephasing Without multiple stages, the energy gain in these experiments is ultimately limited by electrons outrunning the accelerating phase of the wakefield or dephasing.The operating paradigm for recent nonlinear wakefield acceleration experiments is to set the distance over which the laser pulse energy is depleted by driving plasma waves to the dephasing length, the distance over which the accelerated electrons outrun the accelerating phase of the wakefield [10,12]. Because the dephasing length scales as

A laser pulse propagating in a corrugated plasma channel is composed of spatial harmonics whose phase velocities can be subluminal. The phase velocity of a spatial harmonic can be matched to the speed of a relativistic electron resulting in direct acceleration by the guided laser field in a plasma waveguide and linear energy gain over the interaction length. Here we examine the fully self-consistent interaction of the laser pulse and electron beam using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. For low electron beam densities, we find that the ponderomotive force of the laser pulse pushes plasma channel electrons towards the propagation axis, which deflects the beam electrons. When the beam density is high, the space charge force of the beam drives the channel electrons off axis, providing collimation of the beam. In addition, we consider a ramped density profile for lowering the threshold energy for trapping in a subluminal spatial harmonic. By using a density ramp, the trapping energy for a normalized vector potential of a 0 ¼ 0:1 is reduced from a relativistic factor 0 ¼ 170 to 0 ¼ 20.

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Ionization injection-assisted laser wakefield acceleration of electrons up to 120 MeV is demonstrated in a 1.5 mm long pure helium-like nitrogen plasma waveguide. The guiding structure stabilizes the high energy electron beam pointing and reduces the beam divergence. Our results are confirmed by 3D particle-in-cell simulations.