Cognitive decline (CD) is a major symptom of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Patients with MCI have an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a cure for AD is currently lacking, medication therapies and/or daily training in the early stage can alleviate disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. Accordingly, investigating CD-related biomarkers via brain imaging devices is crucial for early diagnosis. In particular, "portable" brain imaging devices enable frequent diagnostic checks as a routine clinical tool, and therefore increase the possibility of early AD diagnosis. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate functional connectivity (FC) in the prefrontal cortex measured by a portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device during a working memory (WM) task known as the delayed matching to sample (DMTS) task. Differences in prefrontal FC between healthy control (HC) (n = 23) and CD groups (n = 23) were examined. Intra-group analysis (one-sample t-test) revealed significantly greater prefrontal FC, especially left-and inter-hemispheric FC, in the CD group than in the HC. These observations could be due to a compensatory mechanism of the prefrontal cortex caused by hippocampal degeneration. Inter-group analysis (unpaired two-sample t-test) revealed significant intergroup differences in left-and inter-hemispheric FC. These attributes may serve as a novel biomarker for early detection of MCI. In addition, our findings imply that portable fNIRS devices covering the prefrontal cortex may be useful for early diagnosis of MCI.
As a surrogate for human tactile cognition, an artificial tactile perception and cognition system are proposed to produce smooth/soft and rough tactile sensations by its user's tactile feeling; and named this system as “tactile avatar”. A piezoelectric tactile sensor is developed to record dynamically various physical information such as pressure, temperature, hardness, sliding velocity, and surface topography. For artificial tactile cognition, the tactile feeling of humans to various tactile materials ranging from smooth/soft to rough are assessed and found variation among participants. Because tactile responses vary among humans, a deep learning structure is designed to allow personalization through training based on individualized histograms of human tactile cognition and recording physical tactile information. The decision error in each avatar system is less than 2% when 42 materials are used to measure the tactile data with 100 trials for each material under 1.2N of contact force with 4cm s−1 of sliding velocity. As a tactile avatar, the machine categorizes newly experienced materials based on the tactile knowledge obtained from training data. The tactile sensation showed a high correlation with the specific user's tendency. This approach can be applied to electronic devices with tactile emotional exchange capabilities, as well as advanced digital experiences.
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an important step in preventing pathological brain damage. Working memory (WM)-related network modulation can be a pathological feature of AD, but is usually modulated by untargeted cognitive processes and individual variance, resulting in the concealment of this key information. Therefore, in this study, we comprehensively investigated a new neuromarker, named “refined network,” in a prefrontal cortex (PFC) that revealed the pathological features of AD. A refined network was acquired by removing unnecessary variance from the WM-related network. By using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device, we evaluated the reliability of the refined network, which was identified from the three groups classified by AD progression: healthy people (N=31), mild cognitive impairment (N=11), and patients with AD (N=18). As a result, we identified edges with significant correlations between cognitive functions and groups in the dorsolateral PFC. Moreover, the refined network achieved a significantly correlating metric with neuropsychological test scores, and a remarkable three-class classification accuracy (95.0%). These results implicate the refined PFC WM-related network as a powerful neuromarker for AD screening.
As a promising future treatment for stroke rehabilitation, researchers have developed direct brain stimulation to manipulate the neural excitability. However, there has been less interest in energy consumption and unexpected side effect caused by electrical stimulation to bring functional recovery for stroke rehabilitation. In this study, we propose an engineering approach with subthreshold electrical stimulation (STES) to bring functional recovery. Here, we show a low level of electrical stimulation boosted causal excitation in connected neurons and strengthened the synaptic weight in a simulation study. We found that STES with motor training enhanced functional recovery after stroke in vivo. STES was shown to induce neural reconstruction, indicated by higher neurite expression in the stimulated regions and correlated changes in behavioral performance and neural spike firing pattern during the rehabilitation process. This will reduce the energy consumption of implantable devices and the side effects caused by stimulating unwanted brain regions.
Functional connectivity derived from resting-state functional near infrared spectroscopy has gained attention of recent scholars because of its capability in providing valuable insight into intrinsic networks and various neurological disorders in a human brain. Several progressive methodologies in detecting resting-state functional connectivity patterns in functional near infrared spectroscopy, such as seed-based correlation analysis and independent component analysis as the most widely used methods, were adopted in previous studies. Although these two methods provide complementary information each other, the conventional seed-based method shows degraded performance compared to the independent component analysis-based scheme in terms of the sensitivity and specificity. In this study, artificial neural network and convolutional neural network were utilized in order to overcome the performance degradation of the conventional seed-based method. First of all, the results of artificial neural network-and convolutional neural network-based method illustrated the superior performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity compared to both conventional approaches. Second, artificial neural network, convolutional neural network, and independent component analysis methods showed more robustness compared to seed-based method. Moreover, resting-state functional connectivity patterns derived from artificial neural network-and convolutional neural network-based methods in sensorimotor and motor areas were consistent with the previous findings. The main contribution of the present work is to emphasize that artificial neural network as well as convolutional neural network can be exploited for a high-performance seed-based method to estimate the temporal relation among brain networks during resting state.
With the increasing demands on high data rate, there has been growing interests in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technology based on spatial multiplexing (SM) since it can transmit independent information in each spatial stream. Recent standards such as 3GPP LTE-advanced and IEEE 802.11ac support up to eight spatial streams, and massive MIMO and mm-wave systems that are expected to be included in beyond 4G systems are considering employment of tens to hundreds of antennas. Since the complexity of the optimum maximum likelihood based detection method increases exponentially with the number of antennas, low-complexity SM MIMO detection becomes more critical as the number of antenna increases. In this paper, we first review the results on the detection schemes for SM MIMO systems. In addition, massive MIMO reception schemes based on simple linear filtering which does not require exponential increment of complexity will be explained, followed by brief description on receiver design for future high dimensional SM MIMO systems.
In article number 2002362, Ji‐Woong Choi, Jae Eun Jang, and co‐workers suggest a tactile avatar system as a surrogate for human tactile cognition producing smooth/soft and rough tactile sensation. Because the tactile responses vary among humans, the deep learning network is designed considering the cognitive processing of independent tactile features engaged by humans. As a result, this system successfully mimicked the tactile tendency of a specific user.
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