This study investigated the effect of contact time of two agricultural wastes (cassava peels and ripe plantain peels) used as bio-adsorbents that were modified with base and acids to ascertain their ability to absorb nitrogenous compounds from hospital and abattoir wastewater. The absorbents were prepared using standard procedures into powdered forms and a portion was modified with acid and base respectively. Fourier Infrared spectroscopy was used on the prepared absorbents to determine the organic and functional groups present. Each modified bio-adsorbents was used to inoculate each of the 250 ml flasks containing the wastewater sample. Contact was allowed to be made for 14 hours and the nitrogen removal rate was measured and recorded. The Nitrogen concentration in the wastewater was determined using Ultra-violent spectroscopy. Response surface optimization was used to investigate the effect of contact time on the nitrogen removal rate. Models were generated to analyze the interactions between variables at optimum conditions. The results showed that the bio-adsorbents have the ability to remove nitrogen from wastewater. The nitrogen percentage removal recorded was 57%, 81%, and 77%, 55%, 91% ,and 78% respectively. The R2 from ANOVA was seen to be 96.5%, 97.9%, 97.9%, 98.2%, and 99.7%, and 97.9% repectively. Experimental results were best fitted into linear and quadratic polynomial models. The optimum conditions having desirability of 0.964 showed that the time of 13.558 hrs. The values obtained are a good indicator that the bio adsorbents used in this should be considered by the chemical industries in the process of absorbent design and production.
Surface thermodynamics study is the application of colloidal science to an investigative search for the nature and rate of heat transfer on the surface of any particle-particle interaction. This paper presents the theory and a designed practical methodology for the demonstration of the Combined Hamaker Coefficient. The nature and effectiveness of any interaction between two or more particles can be determined using this thermodynamic approach. Samples of blood lymphocytes and HIV particles in a serum containing antiretroviral drug particles were used. The Hamaker concept based on Van der Waal’s theory for surface energy of attraction and repulsion can be demonstrated. The interfacial work done by particles can be investigated during their combined interaction in an in-vivo experiment. The data obtained can prove that the combined Hamaker coefficient when negative is responsible for particle-particle repulsion and positive for particle-particle attraction. This implies the repulsion of the viral particle in lymphocytes and drug particles in the intervening serum. The overall change in the energy potential of all particle matter is revealed to be a concurrent area of surface thermodynamics that employs mathematical concepts and software in the designing and formulation of drugs for the management of viral infections.
Annealing is a heat treatment procedure in which the mechanical properties of a material are being altered, and such alterations cause changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. It is usually carried out to improve ductility and toughness, to reduce hardness and to remove carbides. This study deals with the use of image analysis processing method for the measurement of structure of six annealed samples of 0.17% High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) Steels (840˚C-990˚C) with 30˚C interval and 30 minutes soaking time. From the optical microscope images using Image J program, some parameters like calculation of area, pixel value statistics, distances and angles measurements, edge detection, such as the circularity, ferret angle, solidity and perimeter, average area and the percentage area were examined. The annealed sample of 960˚C gave the highest grain count of 543 with a perimeter of 41.518; standard deviation 7.057 and a mean of 28.722 which shows that annealing greatly improved the fatigue life of the steel. From the mechanical analysis result, the annealed sample at 840˚C has a highest hardness value of 129.4 BHN and gave the lowest impact value of 58.75 J. This study shows a significant decrease in the hardness value as the annealing temperature increased which signifies that annealing temperature enhanced the fatigue property and tensile strength (wear strength) of the steel in study.
Abstract:The paper describes an advanced approach in the analysis and control of corrosion resulting from the activities of sulphate reducing bacteria as well as the reacting species in the development of the biofilm. An anaerobic Cultured medium was prepared and the pH read on a scale was 7.4 and medium after incubation was dispensed into five anaerobic experimental pipe and the respective biocides (formaldehyde, polyamine, diamine, biguanide and cow urine) at different concentration ranging from 5 mg/l to 580 mg/l . Statistical procedures were also used to determine the correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and polynomial equation generated on the basis of related information. The activities of the sulphate reducing bacteria results in the loss of weight of the coupons inserted and was found to be less in the experimental pipe with cow urine treatment.
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