Water limitation of plants causes stomatal closure to prevent water loss by transpiration. For this purpose, progressing soil water deficit is communicated from roots to shoots. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the key signal in stress-induced stomatal closure, but ABA as an early xylem-delivered signal is still a matter of debate. In this study, poplar plants () were exposed to water stress to investigate xylem sap sulfate and ABA, stomatal conductance, and sulfate transporter () expression. In addition, stomatal behavior and expression of ABA receptors, drought-responsive genes, transcription factors, and were studied after feeding sulfate and ABA to detached poplar leaves and epidermal peels of Arabidopsis (). The results show that increased xylem sap sulfate is achieved upon drought by reduced xylem unloading by PtaSULTR3;3a and PtaSULTR1;1, and by enhanced loading from parenchyma cells into the xylem via PtaALMT3b. Sulfate application caused stomatal closure in excised leaves and peeled epidermis. In the loss of sulfate-channel function mutant, At, sulfate-triggered stomatal closure was impaired. The QUAC1/ALMT12 anion channel heterologous expressed in oocytes was gated open by extracellular sulfate. Sulfate up-regulated the expression of , a key step of ABA synthesis, in guard cells. In conclusion, xylem-derived sulfate seems to be a chemical signal of drought that induces stomatal closure via QUAC1/ALMT12 and/or guard cell ABA synthesis.

Marine sponges have been considered as a drug treasure house with respect to great potential regarding their secondary metabolites. Most of the studies have been conducted on sponge’s derived compounds to examine its pharmacological properties. Such compounds proved to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and cardiovascular activity. Although, the mode of action of many compounds by which they interfere with human pathogenesis have not been clear till now, in this review not only the capability of the medicinal substances have been examined in vitro and in vivo against serious pathogenic microbes but, the mode of actions of medicinal compounds were explained with diagrammatic illustrations. This knowledge is one of the basic components to be known especially for transforming medicinal molecules to medicines. Sponges produce a different kind of chemical substances with numerous carbon skeletons, which have been found to be the main component interfering with human pathogenesis at different sites. The fact that different diseases have the capability to fight at different sites inside the body can increase the chances to produce targeted medicines.

Plants close stomata when root water availability becomes limiting. Recent studies have demonstrated that soil-drying induces root-to-shoot sulfate transport via the xylem and that sulfate closes stomata. Here we provide evidence for a physiologically relevant signaling pathway that underlies sulfate-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We uncovered that, in the guard cells, sulfate activates NADPH oxidases to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that this ROS induction is essential for sulfate-induced stomata closure. In line with the function of ROS as the secondmessenger of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, sulfate does not induce ROS in the ABA-synthesis mutant, aba3-1, and sulfateinduced ROS were ineffective at closing stomata in the ABA-insensitive mutant abi2-1 and a SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 loss-of-function mutant. We provided direct evidence for sulfate-induced accumulation of ABA in the cytosol of guard cells by application of the ABAleon2.1 ABA sensor, the ABA signaling reporter ProRAB18:GFP, and quantification of endogenous ABA marker genes. In concordance with previous studies, showing that ABA DEFICIENT3 uses Cys as the substrate for activation of the ABSCISIC ALDEHYDE OXIDASE3 (AAO3) enzyme catalyzing the last step of ABA production, we demonstrated that assimilation of sulfate into Cys is necessary for sulfate-induced stomatal closure and that sulfate-feeding or Cys-feeding induces transcription of NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE3, limiting the synthesis of the AAO3 substrate. Consequently, Cys synthesis-depleted mutants are sensitive to soil-drying due to enhanced water loss. Our data demonstrate that sulfate is incorporated into Cys and tunes ABA biosynthesis in leaves, promoting stomatal closure, and that this mechanism contributes to the physiological water limitation response.

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