The goal of this study was to determine the influence of psychological stress on non‐pathologic physical pain in a general population. Data pertaining to the source of, response to, and coping with stress, as well as site and intensity of pain was collected on 91 non‐patient subjects using a self‐report questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a Global Assessment of Recent Stress, Stress Response Inventory and Ways of Coping Checklist, in addition to the Site and Intensity of Stress‐Related Pain. It was found that the degree of stress was proportional to the pain severity. Also, the degree of responses to stress and coping style played a role in pain severity. Moreover, economic status, stress from sickness or injury, and somatization were the best predictors of the pain severity in our study population. The most common stress‐related pain was occipital headache, and the pain sites were dependent on certain stress variables. The high pain group and no pain group showed distinct demographic and stress profiles. The various aspects of psychological stress affect the incidence, site and intensity of physical pain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dear Editor,Breakthrough infection of SARS-CoV-2 has been increased according to the emergence of the delta variant and vaccine-induced waning immunity. 1 In addition, epidemiologic studies have reported that people with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection show decreasing antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 2 and can be reinfected with the virus later on. 3 Here, we assessed the waning vaccine effectiveness by comparing the breakthrough infection rate between healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (ChAdOx1) or mRNA vaccine. We also compared immune responses against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and the delta variant between individuals with natural infection and HCWs who received the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine.This study was performed at Asan Medical Center with 15,034 HCWs, Seoul, South Korea. First, we retrospectively compared the breakthrough infection rate in HCWs who were vaccinated with two doses of ChAdOx1 or mRNA vaccine. We evaluated the infection rates stratified by 30-or 60-day interval and by vaccine type in each period. Second, we conducted a 6-month longitudinal prospective study in HCWs who either received two doses of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines and individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The detailed methods for enrolment, evaluation of breakthrough infection rates and measurement of immune responses are described in Supporting Information.As of December 15, there were 14,427 fully vaccinated HCWs (ChAdOx1, n = 9717; mRNA-1273, n = 1441; BNT162b2, n = 1297; other n = 1972). Most of the HCWs (82%, 7966/9717) vaccinated with the ChAdOx1 vaccine received their first dose in March, and most of the HCWs vaccinated with the mRNA vaccine received their first dose between June and September (84%, 2305/2738, Figure 1A). Of the 12,455 HCWs who were fully vaccinated withThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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