SummaryPlasmodium vivax is the only human malaria indigenous to the Republic of Korea (ROK). A rapid and sensitive diagnostic test (RDT) that detects P. vivax is appropriate for evaluating suspected malaria patients with no travel history abroad. The RDTs, SD Malaria Antigen P.v (SD diagnostic, Kyonggi, ROK) specific for P. vivax and the well documented OptiMAL (DiaMed, Cressier, Switzerland) were compared among 282 volunteers for specificity and sensitivity of P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections against Giemsa-stained blood smears read by an experienced microscopist. A total of 137 volunteers were diagnosed with P. vivax, 45 cases (returned travellers from overseas) were diagnosed with P. falciparum and 100 healthy volunteers were diagnosed as negative for malaria. Correspondingly, the SD Malaria Antigen P.v test identified P. vivax infections in 128 ⁄ 137 malaria patients (93.4%) and 0 ⁄ 100 (0%) healthy volunteers. Three patients identified with P. falciparum also were interpreted as P. vivax by the SD Malaria Antigen P.v test; however, these patients were later confirmed as mixed infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum by polymerase chain reaction. OptiMAL interpreted the three mixed infections only as P. falciparum and detected 130 ⁄ 137 (94.9%) patients with P. vivax. The sensitivity of the SD Malaria Antigen P.v test decreased from 100% (>5000 parasite ⁄ ll) to 81.3% (1-100 parasites ⁄ ll) as parasitaemia levels declined. For the regions where P. vivax is the primary malaria parasite, the SD P. vivax-specific rapid diagnostic test may be useful for screening suspected malaria patients when sufficient material and human resources (e.g. trained microscopists) are unavailable for malaria diagnosis.
Three- and four-phase hydrate equilibria
for mixtures composed
of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and water were measured at pressures
up to 5.00 MPa. Using Duhem’s theorem on phase equilibrium,
incipient hydrate-forming temperatures at given pressures with overall
loading compositions of all components were measured, using an indirect
visual phase equilibrium apparatus. In this study, effects of the
relative amount of water to fixed composition of carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide gas feed were studied. Phase equilibria were found
to be sensitive to the water fraction at higher concentrations of
sulfur dioxide in the gas feed but insensitive at lower concentrations.
Four-phase equilibrium measurements showed the pseudoretrograde hydrate
behavior.
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