Infectious disease is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the situation is worsening. In order to prevent this crisis, antimicrobial resistance needs to be monitored carefully to control the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and investigate the antimicrobial profile pattern of K. pneumoniae in the last eleven years. This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from January 2011 to December 2021. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 61027 bacterial isolates were collected from clinical samples, among which 14.7% (n = 9014) were K. pneumoniae. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of K. pneumoniae revealed a significant increase in the resistance rate in most tested antibiotics during the study period. A marked jump in the resistance rate was seen in amoxicillin/clavulanate and piperacillin/tazobactam, from 33.6% and 13.6% in 2011 to 71.4% and 84.9% in 2021, respectively. Ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefepime resistance rates increased from 29.9%, 26.2%, and 53.9%, respectively, in 2011 to become 84.9%, 85.1%, and 85.8% in 2021. Moreover, a significant increase in the resistance rate was seen in both imipenem and amikacin, with an average resistance rate rise from 6.6% for imipenem and 11.9% for amikacin in 2011 to 59.9% and 62.2% in 2021, respectively. The present study showed that the prevalence and drug resistance of K. pneumoniae increased over the study period. Thus, preventing hospital-acquired infection and the reasonable use of antibiotics must be implemented to control and reduce antimicrobial resistance.
Background The risk of transmission of viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is high in mass gatherings including Hajj. This cohort study estimated the incidence of symptomatic RTIs and hand hygiene compliance with its impact among Hajj pilgrims during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods During the week of Hajj rituals in 2021, domestic pilgrims were recruited by phone and asked to complete a baseline questionnaire. Pilgrims were followed up after seven days using a questionnaire about the development of symptoms, and practices of hand hygiene. Syndromic definitions were used to clinically diagnose ‘possible’ influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and COVID-19 infection. Results A total of 510 pilgrims aged between 18 and 69 (median of 50) years completed the questionnaire, 280 (54.9%) of whom were female, and all of them (except for one) were vaccinated against COVID-19 with at least one dose. The mean (± SD) of pilgrims’ hand hygiene knowledge score (on a scale of 0 to 6) was 4.15 (± 1.22), and a higher level of knowledge was correlated with a higher frequency of handwashing using soap and water. Among those 445 pilgrims who completed the follow-up form, 21 (4.7%) developed one or more respiratory symptoms, of which sore throat and cough were the commonest (respectively 76.2% and 42.8%); ‘possible ILI’ and ‘possible COVID-19’ were present in 1.1% and 0.9% of pilgrims. Obesity was found to be a significant factor associated with the risk of developing RTIs (odds ratio = 4.45, 95% confidence interval 1.15–17.13). Conclusions Hajj pilgrims are still at risk of respiratory infections. Further larger and controlled investigations are needed to assess the efficacy of hand hygiene during Hajj.
Aims: Carbapenemase-producing bacteria make infections of the urinary tract (UTIs) challenging to cure with last-resort treatment like carbapenem. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae implicated in UTI must be detected molecularly since their ability to spread broadly among patients is rising ( Nomeh et al., 2022). Methodology: Ten non-repeated clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (Ecoli1, Ecoli2, Ecoli3, Ecoli4, and Ecoli5) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp6, Kp7, Kp8, Kp9, Kp10) were selected from urinary tract infection patients at Institute of Kidney Disease Peshawar, Pakistan, based on their in vitro phenotypic carbapenem antibiotic resistance. These isolates were confirmed using standard routine microbiological techniques. PCR-specific primers screened E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains for Carbapenemase-producing genes. Result: Molecular Detection of Carbapenemase-producing Gene in UTI Patients with Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The higher proportion of Carbapenemase-producing genes in all the bacterial isolates in this study was blaKPC 15(100 %), followed by blaNDM 12.3(90.1 %), blaIMP 6(60.2 %) and blaVIM 3(30.6 %). The most common Carbapenemase gene in Escherichia coli 8 (80%) was blaKPC, followed by blaNDM 7 (70%) and blaOXA 45 (4.5%), which was the least common. Klebsiella pneumoniae had more blaNDM and blaKPC than blaOXA. Both had a percentage of 4.5 (40.9%). Conclusion:These results are consistent with the rapid spread of genes responsible for generating Carbapenemases in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae that cause urinary tract infections. Despite the lack of blaVIM in K. pneumoniae, the pathogenic function of Carbapenemase-producing genes in UTI in this study should not be underestimated because of the potential they have to cause treatment failure and the subsequent persistence of UTI in patients.
The misuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of the rapidly expanding problem of multidrug resistance. Fungi are responsible for the production of a variety of potent metabolites (Akhtar, et al., 2019). Formation of nanoparticles of silver (AgNPs) is a simple non-toxic, and environmentally friendly method of the preparation and development of nanoparticles. Which considered a crucial step in nanotechnology. Producing AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus samples involved the use of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (Al-Abdullah, et al., 2023). The effect of synthesized AgNPs and crude extract on several bacterial pathogens was observed. Both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) showed the greatest antibacterial efficacy against bacterial isolates. The ethyl acetate crude extract showed the highest possible antibacterial activity, according to the reports against E. coli was seen at 16 mm at a 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO). Conversely ethyl crude extract has the least antibacterial action against S.typhi at 50µl concentration was (14mm) (Bala, M., et al., 2013). The maximum activity of the ethyl acetate crude extract was observed against E. coli at 100 µl, which showed a zone of inhibition measuring 21 mm, while an inhibition zone of 18 mm was observed against S.typhi. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) at 432 nm was found during UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the production of AgNPs (Guilger, et al., 2019). The spherical shape of AgNPs was seen in the SEM micrograph. The reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs was largely mediated by phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, according to the results of FTIR investigation (Farjana, et al., 2014). The stabilization of AgNPs was accomplished through amino acid linkage. The produced peak of AgNPs' XRD revealed information about their nature, including their phase purity, size, and internal crystalline structure (Pena et al., 2010). It is possible that the pharmaceutical and medical fields will find a great use for the AgNPs that are produced from the extract of Aspergillus fumigatus. Silver AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhance antibacterial activity, outlining their potential in future research.
Background: This cohort study estimated the incidence of symptomatic respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and hand hygiene compliance with its impact among domestic Hajj pilgrims during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: During the week of Hajj rituals in 2021, pilgrims were recruited by phone and asked to complete a baseline questionnaire. Pilgrims were followed up after seven days using a questionnaire about the development of symptoms, and practices of hand hygiene. Syndromic definitions were used to clinically diagnose ‘possible’ influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and COVID-19 infection. Results: A total of 510 pilgrims aged between 18 and 69 (median of 50) years completed the questionnaire, 280 (54.9%) of whom were female, and all of them (except for one) were vaccinated against COVID-19 with at least one dose. The mean (±SD) of pilgrims’ hand hygiene knowledge score (on a scale of 0 to 6) was 4.15 (±1.22), and a higher level of knowledge was correlated with a higher frequency of handwashing using soap and water. Among those 445 pilgrims who completed the follow-up form, 21 (4.7%) developed one or more respiratory symptoms, of which sore throat and cough were the commonest (respectively 76.2% and 42.8%); ‘possible ILI’ and ‘possible COVID-19’ were present in 1.1% and 0.9% of pilgrims. Obesity was found to be a significant factor associated with the risk of developing RTIs (odds ratio = 4.45, 95% confidence interval 1.15–17.13).Conclusion: Hajj pilgrims are still at risk of respiratory infections. Further larger and controlled investigations are needed to assess the efficacy of hand hygiene during Hajj.
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