ObjectivesThe debridement of diseased root surface is usually performed by mechanical scaling and root planing using manual and power driven instruments. Many new designs in ultrasonic powered scaling tips have been developed. However, their effectiveness as compared to manual curettes has always been debatable. Thus, the objective of this in vitro study was to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of manual, magnetostrictive and piezoelectric ultrasonic instrumentation on periodontally involved extracted teeth using profilometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Material and Methods30 periodontally involved extracted human teeth were divided into 3 groups. The teeth were instrumented with hand and ultrasonic instruments resembling clinical application. In Group A all teeth were scaled with a new universal hand curette (Hu Friedy Gracey After Five Vision curette; Hu Friedy, Chicago, USA). In Group B CavitronTM FSI - SLITM ultrasonic device with focused spray slimline inserts (Dentsply International Inc., York, PA, USA) were used. In Group C teeth were scaled with an EMS piezoelectric ultrasonic device with prototype modified PS inserts. The surfaces were analyzed by a Precision profilometer to measure the surface roughness (Ra value in µm) consecutively before and after the instrumentation. The samples were examined under SEM at magnifications ranging from 17x to 300x and 600x. ResultsThe mean Ra values (µm) before and after instrumentation in all the three groups A, B and C were tabulated. After statistically analyzing the data, no significant difference was observed in the three experimental groups. Though there was a decrease in the percentage reduction of Ra values consecutively from group A to C. ConclusionWithin the limits of the present study, given that the manual, magnetostrictive and piezoelectric ultrasonic instruments produce the same surface roughness, it can be concluded that their efficacy for creating a biologically compatible surface of periodontally diseased teeth is similar.
Abstract. The present study aimed at development of capsular dosage form of surface-adsorbed nanoemulsion (NE) of olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) so as to overcome the limitations associated with handling of liquid NEs without affecting their pharmaceutical efficacy. Selection of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant for construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams was made on the basis of solubility of drug in these excipients. Rationally selected NE formulations were evaluated for percentage transmittance, viscosity, refractive index, globule size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI). Formulation (F3) comprising of Capmul MCM® (10% v/v), Tween 80® (11.25% v/v), polyethylene glycol 400 (3.75% v/v), and double-distilled water (75% v/v) displayed highest percentage cumulative drug release (%CDR; 96.69± 1.841), least globule size (17.51±5.87 nm), low PDI (0.203±0.032), high zeta potential (−58.93±0.98 mV), and hence was selected as the optimized formulation. F3 was adsorbed over colloidal silicon dioxide (2 ml/400 mg) to produce free-flowing solid surface-adsorbed NE that presented a ready-to-fill capsule composition. Conversion of NE to surface-adsorbed NE and its reconstitution to NE did not affect the in vitro release profile of OLM as the similarity factor with respect to NE was found to be 66% and 73% respectively. The %CDR after 12 h for optimized NE, surface-adsorbed NE, and reconstituted NE was found to be 96.69±0.54, 96.07±1.76, and 94.78±1.57, respectively (p>0.05). The present study established capsulated surfaceadsorbed NE as a viable delivery system with the potential to overcome the handling limitations of NE.
In pharmaceutical research, the percutaneous route of drug has gained a great interest. Percutaneous delivery has enhanced a noval vesicular drug carrier system called transferosome introduced in 1990, which is composed of water, surfactant and phospholipid. The elasticity of vesicular transferosome is more than the standard liposome therefore well suited for the penetration into the skin. The transferosomes can be prepared by Reverse Phase Evaporation method, Modified Hand Shaking, Lipid Film Hydration Technique and Thin Film Hydration Technique. This article is focused on various drug lists which easily accommodate in transferosome. Transferosome application areas included Delivery of Insulin, Carrier for Interferons & Interlukin, Transdermal Immunization, and Carrier for Other Proteins & Peptides, Peripheral Drug Targeting, Transdermal Immunization, Delivery of NSAID, and Delivery of steroidal hormones etc. To overcome problems of systemic toxicity associated with targeting therpy, enhance treatment resolution of targeting therapies.
A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and economic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of prulifloxacin in tablet dosage form. The separation was achieved by using octadecylsilane column (C18) and KH2PO4 buffer: acetonitrile adjusted to pH 7.3 with triethyl amine in proportion of 10:90 v/v as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection was carried out at 278 nm. The retention time of prulifloxacin was found to be 2.4 min. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.14 μg/ml and 0.42 μg/ml respectively. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method provides an accurate and precise quality control tool for routine analysis of prulifloxacin in tablet dosage form.
Loratadine, a BCS class II drug is an oral H1 antihistaminic agent which exhibits poor water solubility and consequently poor dissolution. Loratadine is absorbed in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); is stable in acidic pH, has a narrow therapeutic absorption window in the GIT and the presence of food enhances its bioavailability (1). The drug is available as tablets, oral suspension, syrup and quickdissolving tablets. All these dosage forms are challenged by hepatic first pass metabolism that may be minimized by developing modulated drug delivery systems. The retention of oral dosage forms in the upper GIT is a viable option that by virtue of
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