BackgroundTraumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth are a significant public health problem, not only because their prevalence is relatively high, but also because they have considerable impact on children’s daily lives. Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) cause physical and psychological discomfort, pain and other negative impacts, such as tendency to avoid laughing or smiling, which can affect social relationships.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth among 12-year-old school children in Kashmir, India.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in private and government schools of India among 1600 schoolchildren aged 12 years. In addition to recording of the type of trauma (using Ellis and Davey classification of fractures, 1970), over jet, Angle’s molar relation and lip competence were also recorded. The socioeconomic status and academic performance of the study subjects were registered. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed. The statistical significance for the association between the traumatic injury and the variables was analyzed using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify potential risk predictors of TDIs.ResultsThe overall prevalence of TDI to anterior teeth was found to be 9.3%. The TDI to anterior teeth in male was more than female, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (P < 0.01). Falls and sports were the most common causes of trauma in the present study. The highest potential risk factor for the occurrence of trauma was over jet. Academic performance was found to be significantly associated to TDI to anterior teeth, when analyzed in a multiple regression model.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 9.3%. Traumatic dental injuries among children exhibit complex interaction between the victims’ oral conditions and their behavior. Therefore, prevention should consider a number of characteristics such as oral predisposing factors, environmental determinants and human behavior. It is recommended that specific and proper public places for leisure and sports activities, with impact-absorbing surfaces around the items on which children are most likely to fall, should be provided.
To find out the most easily identifiable and anatomically consistent landmark for identification of facial nerve during parotid surgery. Ten cadaveric dissections and ten live parotid surgeries for different types of parotid tumours were done. Cadaveric dissection was performed in the Department of Anatomy and the surgeries were done in the Department of ENT and Head and Neck surgery of R. G. Kar Medical College of Kolkata. The distance of the facial nerve trunk from three most commonly used landmarks (viz., tympanomastoid suture, tragal pointer and posterior belly of digastric muscle) was measured in both cadaver and live patients. The ease of identification of the nerve trunk using each of the landmarks, particularly during live surgery was also assessed. The mean distance of the tympanomastoid suture from the facial nerve trunk was 3.5 mm (cadaver) and 3.87 mm (live surgery), the tragal pointer was found to be at a mean distance of 16.61 mm (cadaver) and 16.36 mm (live surgery) and in case of the posterior belly of digastric muscle it was 7.41 mm (cadaver) and 8.03 mm (live surgery). During live surgery the posterior belly of digastric was found to be the most easily identifiable landmark with a consistent anatomical relationship with the nerve trunk. The posterior belly of digastric muscle is the most easily identifiable and a very consistent landmark for facial nerve dissection during parotidectomy. When supplemented with the tragal pointer, accuracy in identifying the facial nerve trunk is very high, thereby avoiding inadvertent injury to the nerve trunk.
The review focuses on the recent developments on diverse sets of complex enzymatic transformations by utilizing minimal peptide based self-assembled systems. It further attempts to provide a broad perspective for potentially programming functionality via rational selection of amino acid sequences, leading towards minimal catalytic systems that emulate some advanced traits of contemporary enzymes.
The aim of this study is to report unusual cause of epistaxis due to leech infestation in nose in hilly area and its management. The study was carried out for a period of 4 years (2008-2012) in a secondary level hospital in hilly area of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India with data collected from the OPD and Emergency register of the patients. This retrospective case series consisted of six cases. All the cases presented with unilateral recurrent epistaxis and foreign body nose. Anterior rhinoscopy revealed fleshy greenish brown mobile mass inside the nasal cavity which was removed by forceps. The animate foreign body was identified as leech in all the cases. To conclude, in hilly areas leech infestation can present as animate foreign body in nose and it should be considered as important cause of epistaxis.
BACKGROUND: Toothbrushes are over-the-counter products; therefore, no special instruction is given to users when they purchase. There are scarce published studies that have investigated about how often toothbrushes should be replaced. Thus, this study aimed to verify the impact of the Progressive Toothbrush Bristle Flaring on plaque control efficacy of toothbrush. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty six subjects were randomly selected and underwent complete oral prophylaxis 10 days prior to the Baseline plaque recording. All subjects were provided with new similar toothbrushes and were divided into two groups. New Brush Group changed toothbrush every month and Old month Group used single toothbrush for the whole period of the study. Both groups were assessed for plaque accumulation every month using Turesky et al, (1970) modification of the Quigley and Hein (1962) plaque index. Toothbrush head was photographed and assessed by measuring the brushing surface area on standardized photographs using National Institutes of Health Image Analysis Program (USA). RESULTS: Both groups showed similar plaque scores at the 40 th day; progressive increase in the plaque scores in group without changing the toothbrush were recorded at the 70 th and 100 th days. As toothbrush flaring increased, the plaque scores also increased in the Old Brush Group. Highest plaque accumulation was recorded in Mandibular Lingual aspects in Old Brush Group. CONCLUSION: Progressive increase was seen in the plaque scores with increase in toothbrush bristle flaring.
Congenital cervical midline cleft (CCMC) is a rare disease of the head and neck region with only a few reported series. The patients attending the ENT or Plastic surgery OPD of a tertiary referral hospital of eastern India were screened for the presence of CCMC. All the patients found to have the developmental abnormality were included in the study and treated. Five patients were identified as having CCMC within the 7 year study duration. Of them three were female and two male. The youngest patient was a 2 day old baby and 25 years was the maximum age of presentation in the present series. All except the new born were treated by surgical excision and primary repair of the neck defect. In literature CCMC has been described almost exclusively in the Caucasian population. The present series documents the occurrence of this developmental abnormality in the Indian population. This is perhaps the first case series on CCMC to be presented from the Indian subcontinent.
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