Ince–Gaussian beams, defined as a solution to a wave equation in elliptical coordinates, have shown great advantages in applications such as optical communication, optical trapping and optical computation. However, to ingress these applications, a compact and scalable method for generating these beams is required. Here, we present a simple method that satisfies the above requirement, and is capable of generating arbitrary Ince–Gaussian beams and their superposed states through a computer-generated hologram of size 1mm2, fabricated on an azocarbazole polymer film. Other structural beams that can be derived from the Ince–Gaussian beam were also successfully generated by changing the elliptical parameters of the Ince–Gaussian beam. The orthogonality relations between different Ince–Gaussian modes were investigated in order to verify applicability in an optical communication regime. The complete python source code for computing the Ince–Gaussian beams and their holograms are also provided.
Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder that occurs due to the mutation of enzyme aldolase B located on chromosome 9q22.3. A fructose load leads to the rapid accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate and manifests with its downstream effects. Most commonly children are affected with gastrointestinal symptoms, feeding issues, aversion to sweets and hypoglycemia. Liver manifestations include an asymptomatic increase of transaminases, steatohepatitis and rarely liver failure. Renal involvement usually occurs in the form of proximal renal tubular acidosis and may lead to chronic renal insufficiency. For confirmation, a genetic test is favored over the measurement of aldolase B activity in the liver biopsy specimen. The crux of HFI management lies in the absolute avoidance of foods containing fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol (FSS). There are many dilemmas regarding tolerance, dietary restriction and occurrence of steatohepatitis. Patients with HFI who adhere strictly to FSS free diet have an excellent prognosis with a normal lifespan. This review attempts to increase awareness and provide a comprehensive review of this rare but treatable disorder.
Laguerre–Gaussian beams are structured light beams with a donut-shaped symmetric intensity profile and a helical phase profile. The beam profile is defined by a quantized parameter known as the mode number which extends to infinity. The availability of unbounded modes makes these beams a promising candidate for next-generation optical computing, and optical communication technologies. The symmetric intensity profile of a Laguerre–Gaussian beam can be made asymmetric through certain techniques and these beams are known by the term `asymmetric Laguerre–Gaussian beams’. Here, the asymmetricity adds another degree of freedom to the beam (apart from its mode number) which helps in encoding more information compared to a symmetric beam. However, in order to harness the benefits of all the available degrees of freedom, it is required to generate a large number of such beams in a multiplexed fashion. Here, we report the generation of such a large array of asymmetric Laguerre–Gaussian beams for the first time. Computer-generated holography and spatial multiplexing techniques were employed to generate a large array comprising of 12 × 16 = 192 asymmetric Laguerre–Gaussian beams with an arbitrary mode index and asymmetricity.
Sewage sludge is a consequence of wastewater treatment that is produced in vast amounts all over the world, posing the responsibility of properly handling organic waste. The two primary disposal techniques for municipal sewage sludge management are reuse, which includes agricultural or landscaping applications, and ultimate disposal. Because there are a variety of concerns with final disposal techniques across the world, preparing sewage sludge for reuse, also known as sludge processing, provides another option. The goal of this review paper was to investigate sludge management strategies throughout the world and highlight its use in the agricultural sector in developing nations like India. The use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer is ecologically beneficial and results in the reuse of potentially hazardous wastes, in addition to contributing in waste reduction. The quantity of heavy metals, on the other hand, is the most significant criteria for the safe use of sewage sludge in agriculture, followed by pathogen reduction. If sewage sludge is correctly processed with appropriate technology, it has the potential to lessen our dependency on chemical fertilizers and so fall within the scope of our government's 'waste to wealth' initiative.
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