Nepal has an agrarian-based economy where the livestock sector contributes about 12 percent to the national GDP. Rupandehi district is one of the largest dairy pocket areas in the nation, but the disease, such as leptospirosis, posed a negative impact on their production and productivity. Despite the economic importance of cattle leptospirosis, the disease is concerned for the people’s occupational risk and food safety. Although leptospirosis is a priority zoonosis in Nepal, the effective implementation of the control program lacks both in animal and human health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify associated risk factors of cattle leptospirosis from March 2019 to April 2020. Altogether, 206 cattle herds located in all the sixteen local levels of the district were visited. The owners were interviewed to record the cattle management system’s information and their knowledge of the zoonotic diseases. A total of 383 cattle serum samples were collected, and an indirect antibody ELISA was performed to estimate the infection status of leptospirosis in the cattle herds. All the data were analyzed by Open epi and R software for the descriptive and analytical study. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess the potential herd level and animal level risk factors. Out of seven potential herd-level risk factors, the purchased cattle herds (OR: 7.2, 95% CI: 1.24-136.5, p=0.025) and cattle with herd size >10 (OR: 14.92, 95% CI: 2.61-283.38, p=0.025) were identified as significant risk factors for leptospirosis. At the animal level, the cattle taken for grazing in pastureland accessed by the community dog was a significant risk factor (OR: 4.16, 95% CI: 1.13-14.06, p=0.034). Surprisingly, none of the farmers had heard about leptospirosis before. The outcome of this research could be an epidemiological insight in control of priority zoonosis to protect the livestock economy and reduce their negative impact on public health.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild pigs with high mortality. First reported in East Africa in the early 1900s, ASF was largely controlled in domestic pigs in many countries. However, in recent years ASF outbreaks have been reported in several countries in Europe and Asia. The occurrence of ASF in China, the largest pork producer in the world, in 2018 and in India, the country that surrounds and shares open borders with Nepal, has increased the risk of ASF transmission to Nepal. Lately, the pork industry has been growing in Nepal, overcoming traditional religious and cultural biases against it. However, the emergence of viral infections such as ASF could severely affect the industry's growth and sustainability. Because there are no effective vaccines available to prevent ASF, the government should focus on preventing entry of the virus through strict quarantine measures at the borders, controls on illegal trade, and effective management practices, including biosecurity measures.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease, particularly of cattle and water buffalo. The disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus of family Poxviridae which is manifested by characteristic skin nodules, pyrexia, lachrymation, nasal discharge, and swelling of superficial lymph nodes. Lumpy skin disease causes huge economic losses to the livestock farmers due to significant milk loss, damage of the hides, and reproductive problems such as abortion and infertility in affected animals. Initially, LSD was confined to Africa but later spread to Asia and Europe, particularly after 2012. This article describes the spatial and temporal patterns of LSD outbreaks that occurred from 2005-Mid-September, 2020 using the publicly available outbreak data from the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). There were 3118 LSD outbreaks reported in the last 15 years with 2265 (72.6%) from Europe, 462 from Asia (14.8%), and 391(12.5%) outbreaks from Africa. 3070 (98.46%) of the total outbreaks during the study period occurred since 2012, with the highest month-wise outbreaks observed in July (778) and seasonally in the summer season (1873) which corresponds with the vector season. Since 2012, around 3 (2.78) new countries per year are being affected by LSD. The current situation of LSD spread demands for globally coordinated efforts to control this transboundary disease. Effective surveillance for early detection, vector control measures, vaccination, and regulation of animal movement is necessary to curb down the further spread of LSD.
Glasser's disease is an infectious and acute disease seen in pig after weaning, which is characterized by fibrinous polysterositis, arthritis and meningoencephalitis. A case of 3 month old piglet breed "Chwanche" (local) was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus which chief complain of constipation since three day. Piglet was admitted on VTH and physical and clinical examination was done and heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were 130/min, 60/min and 106°F respectively. Auscultations abdomen revealed burble sound. First phase treatment was done and further examination was started with hematology. PCV and WBC count were 38% and (28×10 3 /µl) but after five hours the pig was died and postmortem examination was done. Necropsy findings reveals severe polyserositis, fibrinous covering around the lungs and heart, Swollen liver with fibrinous deposition and congested intestinal epithelium. Sever polyserositis indicates that this case is a glasser`s disease.
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