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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. In order to characterize the molecular features of human ETEC isolates from Korea, we investigated the profiles of enterotoxin and colonization factor (CF) genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with a total of 291 ETEC strains. The specimens comprised 258 domestic strains isolated from patients who had diarrhea and were from widely separated geographic regions in Korea and 33 inflow strains isolated from travelers visiting other Asian countries. Heat-stable toxin (STh)-possessing ETEC strains were more frequent than heat-labile toxin (LT)-possessing ETEC strains in the domestic isolates, while the detection rates of both enterotoxin genes were similar in the inflow isolates. The profile of CF genes of domestic isolates was similar to that of inflow isolates and the major CF types of the strains were CS3-CS21-CS1/PCF071 and CS2-CS3-CS21. Most of these 2 CF types were detected in ETEC strains that possess both lt and sth genes. The major MLSTST types of domestic isolates were ST171 and ST955. Moreover, the 2 major CF types were usually found concomitantly with the 2 major MLST STs, ST171 and ST955. In conclusion, our genotyping results may provide useful information for guiding the development of geographically specific vaccines against human ETEC isolates.

Antibiotic resistance and microbiota within edible snow crabs are important for the Chionoecetes (snow crab) fishing industry. We investigated these parameters using culture methods and antibiotic susceptibility tests with six internal organs from three species of Chionoecetes. Each sample revealed many unexpected microbial species within Chionoecetes internal organs. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 381 isolates, the most abundant genera identified in Chionoecetes opilio were Acinetobacter spp. (24%), Bacillus spp. (4%), Pseudomonas spp. (34%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (28%), and Agreia spp. (11%). In Chionoecetes sp. crabs, Acinetobacter spp. (23%), Bacillus spp. (12%), and Psychrobacter spp. (20%) were most prevalent, while Agreia spp. (11%), Bacillus spp. (31%), Microbacterium spp. (10%), Rhodococcus spp. (12%), and Agrococcus spp. (6%) were most abundant in C. japonicus. Our antibiotic resistance test found resistance to all nine antibiotics tested in 19, 14, and two of the isolates from C. opilio, Chionoecetes sp., and, C. japonicus respectively. Our results are the first to show that microbes with antibiotic resistance are widely distributed throughout the internal organs of natural snow crabs.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterize the pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea according to season, region of isolation, patient age, and sex as well as to provide useful data for the prevention of diarrheal disease.MethodsStool specimens from 14,886 patients with diarrhea were collected to identify pathogenic bacteria from January 2014 to December 2014 in Korea. A total of 3,526 pathogenic bacteria were isolated and analyzed according to season, region of isolation, and the age and sex of the patient.ResultsThe breakdown of the isolated pathogenic bacteria were as follows: Salmonella spp. 476 (13.5%), pathogenic Escherichia coli 777 (22.0%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus 26 (0.74%), Shigella spp. 13 (0.37%), Campylobacter spp. 215 (6.10%), Clostridium perfringens 508 (14.4%), Staphylococcus aureus 1,144 (32.4%), Bacillus cereus 356 (10.1%), Listeria monocytogenes 1 (0.03%), and Yersinia enterocolitica 10 (0.3%). The isolation rate trend showed the highest ratio in the summer season from June to September for most of the pathogenic bacteria except the Gram-positive bacteria. The isolation rate of most of the pathogenic bacteria by patient age showed highest ratio in the 0–19 year age range. For isolation rate by region, 56.2% were isolated from cities and 43.8% were isolated from provinces.ConclusionHygiene education should be addressed for diarrheal disease-susceptible groups, such as those younger than 10 years, aged 10–19 years, and older than 70 years, and monitoring for the pathogens is still required. In addition, an efficient laboratory surveillance system for infection control should be continued.

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Cisplatin is a well-known chemotherapy medication used to treat numerous cancers. However, treatment with cisplatin in cancer therapy has major side effects, such as nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Adult vertebrate kidneys are commonly used as models of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Embryonic zebrafish kidney is more simplified and is composed simply of two nephrons and thus is an excellent model for the investigation of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Here, we developed a novel model to induce cisplatin nephrotoxicity in adult zebrafish and demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin caused a decline in kidney proximal tubular function based on fluorescein-labeled dextran uptake and alkaline phosphatase staining. We also showed that cisplatin induced histological injury of the kidney tubules, quantified by tubular injury scores on the periodic acid-Schiff-stained kidney sections. As shown in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme implicated in cisplatin-induced cell death, was markedly increased after cisplatin injection in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PARP using a specific PARP inhibitor PJ 34 hydrochloride (PJ34) or 3-aminobenzamide ameliorated kidney proximal tubular functional and histological damages in cisplatin-injected adult zebrafish kidneys. Administration of a combination of PARP inhibitors PJ34 and 3-aminobenzamide additively protected renal function and histology in zebrafish and mouse models of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, these data suggest that adult zebrafish are not only suitable for drug screening and genetic manipulation but also useful as a simplified but powerful model to study the pathophysiology of cisplatin nephrotoxicity and establish new therapies for treating human kidney diseases.

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