A multiplex assay has been developed with newly designed primer sets comprising high mutation rate 12 RM Y-STR markers (DYS570, DYF399S1, DYS547, DYS612, DYF387S1, DYS449, DYS576, DYS5626, DYF403S1 (a + b), DYS627, DYS526, and DYF404S1). Rapidly mutating Y-STRs were evaluated in 167 male individuals among 97 were unrelated from Araein ethnic group and 70 belonged to shared paternal lineage including 20 pairs of father-son and 15 pairs of brother-brother relationship collected from Punjabi population of Pakistan. Forensic competency parameters were implemented for each marker and exceptionally significant results found wherein polymorphism information content (PIC) was in range of 0.7494 (DYS576) to 0.8994 (DYS627). Samples were also analyzed with Y-filer kit for comparison and marked differentiations observed. Haplotype discrimination capacity was 100% as no haplotype shared among all the unrelated individuals of same ethnic group as compared to 17 Y-filer loci (78%). While in closely related males, discrimination capacity was 96.4% with haplotype diversity value of 0.98. Resulted high mutation rate 1 × 10 to 7.14 × 10 as compared to Y-filer (1 × 10 to 1 × 10) manifested the power of RM Y-STRs for considering absolute individualization of interrelated and unrelated male individuals. However, multiplex assay would be useful for male discrimination in mixed DNA specimen, azoospermic males, and multiple male DNA contributors in sexual assault cases and mass disasters victim's identification as well as anthropological studies.
The present study was conducted to find out the existing problems of university and public transport from the perspective of females in Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. The study examines the issue of harassment in university and public transport the female faces every day. The study uses the quantitative method and random sampling, which belongs to probability sampling—the data collected from the study area through the questionnaire. The study shows that students and employees were 18 to 31 years old in which majority of the female's faces problems in public transport and few were faced problems in university transport. The study shows that the female passenger was unwilling to use public transport. They found it the most unattractive mode of transportation. Moreover, the study shows that most females reported facing the misbehaviour of drivers and co-passengers. The female passengers do not want to use public transport to avoid unpleasant situations. They also feel unsafe from drivers because they make rude remarks behind them, harass them, and miss their behaviour. Most of them want to act against the harassers, but they are afraid, and those who are harassed do not complain to the higher authorities because they think it can affect their selfrespect and reputation. Further studies need to be conducted to get more information about public and university transport harassment.
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