Introduction: Oligohydramnios is an abnormality of amniotic fluid which is one of the common complications during pregnancy and a threat to foetal development. Often it is associated with maternal risk factors like uteroplacental insufficiency, hypertension and preeclampsia which by themselves can affect perinatal outcome. Aim: To determine the perinatal outcome in isolated oligohydramnios with Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) ≤5cm at term pregnancies. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective case-control study done in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at District Hospital Tumakuru, Karnataka, India, from January 2019 to July 2020. The study included two groups i.e, case group included 150 pregnant females with Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) ≤5 cm and control group included 150 pregnant females with AFI range between 6-24 cm. After interview of all participants, all the information was entered in the proforma. All newborn babies birth weight, APGAR scores (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration) at 1st and 5th minute was recorded. Categorical outcomes were compared between the groups using Chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age was 23.16±3.09 years in case group and it was 23.42±2.99 years in control group, the difference of age between study group was statistically not significant (p-value=0.460). Abnormal doppler in 19.33% of cases versus 6% of controls (p-value<0.001). Non reactive Non Stress Test (NST) was seen in 46.67% versus 10.67% in control group (p-value<0.001). The foetal distress as a cause for caesarean section was seen in 64.8% cases group in comparison with 23.9% of control group. Low birth weight was found in 58.67% of cases versus 30% in control groups (p-value<0.001). Low APGAR scores (<7) were seen in 24.67% of case group versus 5.33% in control groups. The difference in the proportion of APGAR score at 5 minutes between study group was statistically significant (p-value<0.001) Neonatal intensive care unit admissions were seen in 42.67% of cases versus 12.67% in controls (p-value<0.001). Perinatal deaths was in 5.33% in cases versus 0.67% in controls (p-value=0.017). Conclusion: Isolated oligohydramnios was a significant risk factor during term pregnancies. Incidence of operative deliveries (instrumental vaginal delivery and caesarean section) is significantly increased in these patients with significant increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Introduction: During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic, lockdown was imposed to break the rapid spread of infection which hampered many essential services. This included medical services and particularly the scheduled vaccinations among children. Consequently, many children missed or delayed vaccinations. Aim: To find the incidence and reasons for missed/delayed vaccination in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective hospital-based cross-sectional study done in the Department of Paediatrics, East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India from March 2020 to February 2021. The total number of patients studied were 515. The samples included all children aged 0-10 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) for vaccination. Details about age, gender, address, parental details of education, occupation and income were recorded, using a questionnaire. Immunisation card was checked to ascertain whether any of the vaccines were missed or delayed and advice about catch up vaccination was given. The reasons for delay or missed vaccinations were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare different classes of population with delay and as per schedule classes of children for individual vaccines. Results: The mean age of the population was 13.77 months. Delay in vaccinations was seen in 213 (41.35%) children, among among them were 94 (44.13%) girls, and 119 (55.86%) boys. Mean age of the population with delay/missed vaccinations were 21.23 months. Main cause cited in 88.2% cases for delayed/missed vaccination was fear of getting infected with Covid-19 during hospital visits. The vaccinations with most significant delay were pentavalent vaccination at 10 weeks with a mean age of delay being 1.1 month as per National Immunisation Schedule (NIS) and Typhoid vaccination as per in Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) schedule with a mean age of delay of 5.2 months. The vaccinations were delayed in all socio-economic classes of the populations during the study period. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has hampered all healthcare services including immunisation. Intentional vaccine delay due to any reason by parents should be avoided and catch up immunisation should be given at the earliest.
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