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Salmonella isolated from livestock was shown to harbour antimicrobial resistance genes although no or little resistance to third-generation cephalosporins or ciprofloxacin, respectively, was detected. The preponderance in pigs of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium makes it important to introduce control measures such as improved biosecurity to ensure that they do not pass through the food chain and limit human therapeutic options.

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BackgroundAn oviduct- specific glycoprotein, OVGP1, is synthesized and secreted by non-ciliated epithelial cells of the mammalian oviduct which provides an essential milieu for reproductive functions. The present study reports the effects of recombinant buffalo OVGP1 that lacks post-translational modifications, and native Buffalo OVGP1 isolated from oviductal tissue, on frozen- thawed sperm functions and in vitro embryo development.ResultsThe proportion of viable sperms was greater (P < 0.05) in the recombinant OVGP1-treated group compared to the native OVGP1-treated group at 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h of incubation. The proportion of motile sperms at 3 h and 4 h of incubation; and membrane- intact sperms at 4 h was greater (P < 0.05) in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the control and recombinant OVGP1-treated groups. The proportion of capacitated and acrosome- reacted sperms was greater (P < 0.05) in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the recombinant OVGP1 group at 4 h. The rates of cleavage of embryos and their development to the blastocyst stage were greater (P < 0.05) in the presence of either native or recombinant OVGP1 in comparison to control at 10 μg/mL concentration as compared to 5 or 20 μg/mL.ConclusionsThe study suggests that both native and recombinant OVGP1 impart a positive effect on various sperm features and in vitro embryo development. However, native OVGP1 was found to have a more pronounced effect in comparison to recombinant non-glycosylated OVGP1 on various sperm functions except viability. Hence, our current findings infer that glycosylation of OVGP1 might be essential in sustaining the sperm functions but not the in vitro embryo development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0201-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the most discussed animals after cow in agrarian society of India. However, conflict between farmers and Nilgai due to its habitat loss and the increased damage to the crops by this wild species in the agricultural lands. Present paper deals with the study conducted on the population structure, size group and abundance of Nilgai inhabiting Shahabad region in Dumraon (Buxar) Bihar, India from January, 2014 to December, 2015. Survey was performed in the morning to evening time on the specific days by motorcycle and walking, where, there was no local footpath due to difficult, undulated study area. The direct methods utilized sighting of animals carefully from a close distance and behavior of the animal were observed. During the course of study 07 herds with total 407 numbers of Nilgai were counted through direct sighting with from closed distance. The density of Nilgai was found under 431.10 acre are as covered in Haryana Cattle Breeding Farm (HCBF) and its surrounding in Dumraon. The sex ratio of Nilgai with age group structure of the population was represented in percentage. Female biased adult male, ratio was found 1:3. While overall sex ratio was found 14.25% male, 38.57% female, 9.58% semi adult male, 20.15% semi adult female, and 18.46% calves respectively. Female Nilgai has been observed social like behavior and grazing with juveniles in a group but males were found in scattered form. Nilgai migrate for food towards agricultural land during dusk and return to HCBF with less human activity during dawn. This shows mark migration behavior during summer and rainy season. Some Nilgai migrations were observed for searching food and water during summer from south upward plain region of Dumraon to low-lying north plain area near Bhagar oxbow lake Simri, Chakki and Brahampur.