A study of 486 banking employees in Pakistan and the Netherlands investigated the effect of work‐family conflict on psychological contract breach of work‐family balance obligations. The results showed that 127 Dutch respondents were more likely to experience work interference with family than employees in Pakistan, despite the fact that Pakistanis have longer working hours than their Dutch counterparts. The relationship between family overload and work interference with family, however, was stronger among the 359 Pakistani study participants. In addition, the positive association between work interference with family and employees’ psychological contract breach of work‐family balance obligations was significant for the Pakistani respondents but not for the Dutch study participants. This analysis contributes to the work‐family and psychological contract literature by observing cross‐national differences in work‐family overload and work‐to‐family conflict and their effects on psychological contract breach. It also suggests practices to address the challenge of managing the work‐family interface in both developing and developed nations. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PurposeThe qualitative study was conducted to examine work-family (W-F) balance practices in the collectivist culture of Pakistan. Keeping in view the context of Pakistan, three W-F practices, flexibility, childcare arrangement and social support, were studied by applying the theory of W-F balance.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 16 In-depth interviews from the bank operating in three different cities in Sindh, Pakistan.FindingsData analysis showed that providing economic benefits and short working hours can achieve W-F balance. Nevertheless, the provision of flexibility in terms of short working hours is more important than economic benefits in balancing both domains of life. Secondly, the provision of childcare arrangements helps to balance work and home life. This practice favors females more compared to males. Thirdly, supervisor and co-worker support is most important in creating W-F balance than family support.Research limitations/implicationsIt is crucial to understand the W-F balance practices in developing countries; the bank should encourage policies related to flexibility, childcare arrangement and social support in Pakistan. In addition, banks should take the initiative to develop a way that facilitates the employees' social support, which should consequently help to achieve the W-F balance.Practical implicationsIt is crucial to understand the W-F balance practices in developing countries; the bank should encourage policies related to flexibility, childcare arrangement and social support in Pakistan. Banks should take an initiative to develop a way that facilitates the employees' social support which should consequently help to achieve the W-F balance.Social implicationsThis research has a tremendous impact on society due to current changes in South Asian countries including Pakistan constitute a socio-cultural transition that directly affects working and family life.Originality/valueGiven the importance of W-F balance in recent times, the authors identified and extended the W-F balance practices in the collectivist culture of Pakistan. This study is novel and contributes to the W-F balance literature by considering most primary W-F balance practices that employees require.
Employee involvement has long been recognized as an important factor in effective human resources and knowledge management. Yet, studies have not provided evidence to directly support the existence of a relationship between employee involvement and the process of knowledge creation. A theoretical framework based on previous research and tested via an analysis of data collected from 235 banking employees in Karachi, Pakistan, shows how a culture of employee involvement relates to knowledge on the job. The findings indicate that three aspects of a culture of employee involvement—empowerment, capability development, and team orientation—are positively correlated with the process of knowledge creation. Additional observations concerning the current state of knowledge creation in Pakistani banks yield practical insights. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Financial development in Jordan should be underestimated for two main reasons. First, the total assets of licensed banks constitute about 180 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Second, the country boasts one of the oldest stock markets in the region. The Amman Securities Exchange (ASE) was established in 1978 and its current capitalization is equivalent to about 75 percent of GDP. Given Jordan's socio-economic challenges, and the fact that successive governments have been suffering from large and consistent budget deficits, it does not make economic sense that the ASE has no active secondary bonds market. The issued government securities are sold to all licensed banks. This observation is unfortunate. Avoiding the concentration of financial intermediation in banks makes sense. In addition, whilst a well-developed bond market allows banks to transfer their risk (securitization), such a market makes the conduct of monetary policy more effective and contributes to budgetary discipline by exposing the government to financial discipline. This paper argues for the need for developing a government securities market in Jordan. In addition, the paper examines the already listed shares in terms of their liquidity cost. Based on the empirical results, it is reported that listed shares suffer from high liquidity cost. This finding and its implications are useful in recommending what must be done to develop an active bonds market.
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