Andrographis paniculata is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae dan also known as the “King of Bitters”. It has been utilized as traditional medicines by the local people in India and Southeast Asia. Many studies have been reported regarding the pharmacological activities of A. paniculata and Andrographolide. Currently, in addition to compound isolation and bioactivity assays, validation of analysis method is also required. Validation is used to demonstrate that the method used is appropriate and the results are precise and accurate. The method used needs to be simple, concise, precise, accurate, and widely used. The analysis in this study was carried out using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography because the instrument operates at high pressure. In addition, the system uses fine particles which can reduce column length as well as solvent and time consumption. This study aims to validate analytical methods in determining the contents of andrographolide in an A. paniculata Leaves. The analytical method was validated through a Waters Alliance UPLC System with photodiode array (PDA) detector. The A. paniculata extract and standard solutions of Andrographolide were analyzed using reverse-phase C18 column which was maintained at 40°C. A mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetnotirile and 0.1% formic acid in water was used at flow rate of 0.3 mL/min to achieve gradient elution. The linearity of the andrographolide showed excellent results (R2= 0.9999) in the concentration range of 7.8–250.0 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ values of andrographolide were 0.068 µg/mL and 0.205 µg/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (RE) accuracy values of andrographolide were <±15. The quantitative analysis found that A. paniculata extract contained 12.45 ±0.06 mg/g of Andrographolide. This developed UPLC-PDA method was proven to be precise, specific, sensitive, and accurate for routine quality assessment of raw material of Andrographis paniculata leaves content.
Asthma-plant contains high amount of quercitrin which make it a potential new source for flavonoids. This study aims to develop a method of quercitrin enrichment by utilizing macroporous resin, which is known to be safer, more eco-friendly, economics, and efficient. Evaluations were conducted over the performance and separation characteristics of the macroporous resin in quercitrin enrichment as well as the adsorption and desorption of quercitrin by the macroporous resin. The results showed that the adsorption process of the macroporous resin in relation to the amount of quercitrin in the extract were in accordance with the second order model, which means that the process of adsorption is affected by other compounds. Furthermore, the examination of the isotherm adsorption fit the Freundlich’s model (R2 = 0.9850) rather than the Langmuir’s one (R2 = 0.4334). In the optimal condition, the enrichment of quercitrin by using macroporous resin increased the abundance of quercitrin by nearly five times, from 3.60% of quercitrin content in the extract to 17.02% in the quercitrin-rich fraction, with recovery yield of 50.39%.
Cassia angustifolia is a commonly found wild plant from the family Caesalpinaceae that originates from Yemen and Hadramaut province in Southern Arabia, where it is called Arabian senna. The leaves of the plant have been used to treat a variety of ailments such as constipation, malaria, anemia, loss of appetite, and indigestion. Sennosides A and B are the major glycosides found in the leaves and pods of C. angustifolia and are important ingredients in purgative medicines. These compounds are considered as the major active components of Cassia plants and are responsible for their therapeutic activities. To assess the quality and quantity of sennosides A and B, an appropriate analytical method is required, which must be simple, accurate, precise, and widely used. The UPLC-ESI-MRM/MS method was used in this study to validate the analytical method in determining the contents of Sennoside B in senna leaves extract. The validation parameters included specificity, system suitability, linearity, sensitivity (LOD, LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The results indicated that the optimization of MRM using the direct infusion method provided good separation when eluted using liquid chromatography. The validation parameters for system suitability obtained RSD under 2%. The linearity of sennoside B showed excellent results (R2 = 0.999) in the concentration range of 0.98–62.5 µg/ml. The LOD and LOQ values of sennoside B were 0.011 µg/mL and 0.034 µg/ml, respectively. The accuracy values of sennoside B met the predetermined criteria, with RSD < 2% and % recovery of 97-102%. The quantitative analysis revealed that Cassia angustifolia extract contained 0.43 ±0.06 mg/g of sennoside B.
Dehaasia is a member Lauraceae. It is locally known as ‘gajus hutan’ or ‘pekan’. A triterpenoid, lupeol was isolated from the bark of Dehaasia cuneate. The structure of the isolated compound was determined using spectroscopic methods, such as UV–vis, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometer. The isolated compound was tested against Gram-negative and positive bacteria using agar disc diffusion technique. The results showed that lupeol had a moderate inhibition zone value of 10.0±0.00 mm against Gram-negative Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756 whereas low inhibition which is 7.0±0.00 mm against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Vibrio fluvialis ATCC 33809, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300.
Mitragynine is one of the dominant alkaloids presents in the Mitragyna speciosa which possesses several pharmacological properties such as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Studies have reported various methods in extracting mitragynine, both conventional and renewable technology combined with acid-base techniques for the enrichment and purification of mitragynine from the extract of M. speciosa. Several chromatography and spectroscopy instruments such as HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR have been used to identify mitragynine and its content in both the extract and fraction mixtures. In this review, we aim to provide insight on how the methods of extraction, purification, and identification of mitragynine have been developed over the last few decades. This report also shows comparison among the various approaches in extracting mitragynine and points out the facts that different methods gave different yields of the compound.
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