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The influence of dietary Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut) seed meal (TCSM) on fatty acids, productivity parameters, and physicochemical properties of breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens are assessed. A total of 180, 28-d-old Arbor acre broiler chickens are randomly assigned to dietary treatments containing 0% (control), 2.5%, and 5% w/w TCSM, fed for 28 d, and euthanized. Dietary TCSM reduces (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), carcass weight, and abdominal fat. Diet does not affect feed efficiency and hematological parameters. The control birds have higher (p < 0.05) serum total cholesterol and triglycerides than do the supplemented birds. Diet has no effect on pH, water holding capacity, carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, and organoleptic properties of breast and thigh muscles. The 5% TCSM has higher redness in breast muscle than do other treatments. Dietary TCSM improves (p < 0.05) the concentration of C18:3n-3 (4.80-8.76% vs 1.56%), C20:5n-3 (0.54-0.79% vs 0.39%), C22:5n-3 (0.64-0.89% vs 0.18%), and C22:6n-3 (0.75-0.97% vs 0.19%), and reduces (p < 0.05) the fat content (2.15-2.45% vs 3.15%) in breast and thigh muscles. Dietary TCSM enhances muscle n-3 fatty acids without instigating oxidative deterioration, but reduces BWG in broiler chickens. Practical Application: Albeit that broiler meat is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), its omega 6 (n-6)/omega 3 (n-3) is >4. Elevated n-6/n-3 could have adverse effect on human physiology thereby promoting the pathogenesis of certain diseases. This heightens the need to enhance the n-3 PUFA content of broiler meat. Dietary TCSM induced up to a fourfold increase in n-3 PUFA content of the breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens. Moreover, dietary TCSM induced up to a tenfold decrease in the n-6/n-3 of the breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens. This finding assumes great significance because the health concerns regarding dietary fat are the foremost factors responsible for the bad image suffered by meat. These results provide insights on the potential of TCSM to improve the nutritional quality without compromising the oxidative shelf life, organoleptic traits, and physicochemical properties of broiler meat.

Abstract. The physicochemical properties, fatty acids profile, antimicrobial activity and soap potential of the seed oil of Prosopis africana were examined. The prepared natural antiseptic soap was absolutely devoid of all forms of synthetics such as alkaline, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, colourants and fragrances. The seed had an oil yield of 4.98% while the saponification, acid, free fatty-acids and iodine values were found to be 11.60 ± 0.54 mgKOH/g, 16.96 ± 0.57 mgKOH/g, 14.60 ± 0.45% oleic and 145.47 ± 0.66 I2 100 g-1 of the oil respectively. The GC-MS result of the prepared fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) indicated the presence of oleic acid (33.67%), a monounsaturated fatty acid as the most prominent fatty acid in the oil, followed linoleic acid (18:2), a polyunsaturated acid making up 31.92% of the oil. Palmitic acid (24.96%) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid while stearic acid and valeric acid makes up (7.3%) and (1.96%) respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the oil tested against ten strains of organisms which include: Streptococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, Rhijoptius stoloniter and Aspergillus niger showed good activity. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values obtained for the oils ranges from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL against all the test organisms and within the range 0.125- 0.5 mg/mL for the prepared soap. The physicochemical analysis of the P. africana soap was comparable to commercial antiseptic soaps. The result indicated that quality renewable natural antiseptic soaps ccould be obtained from P. africana seed oil. The result confirms that soaps made from natural lye (alkaline solution) has the capacity to replace existing commercial antiseptic soaps made of synthetic sodium or potassium hydroxides, antimicrobial agents, artificial preservatives and colourants which partly accounts for environmental pollution, increase in antimicrobial resistance and endocrine disruption. The adoption of this green antiseptic soap synthesis technique utilising underexplored P. africana seed oil can help mitigate the negative environmental impact of non-biodegradable synthetic reagents. Resumen. Se examinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, el perfil de ácidos grasos, la actividad antimicrobiana y el potencial de jabón de la semilla de aceite de Prosopis africana. El jabón antiséptico natural preparado carecía absolutamente de todas las formas de sintéticos tales como agentes alcalinos, antimicrobianos, conservantes, colorantes y fragancias. La semilla tuvo un rendimiento de aceite de 4.98%, mientras que los valores de saponificación, ácido, ácidos grasos libres y yodo fueron 11.60 ± 0.54 mgKOH / g, 16.96 ± 0.57 mgKOH / g, 14.60 ± 0.45% oleico y 145.47 ± 0.66 I2 100 g-1  del aceite respectivamente. El resultado de GC-MS del metil éster de ácido graso preparado (FAME) indicó la presencia de ácido oleico (33,67%), un ácido graso monoinsaturado como el ácido graso más prominente en el aceite, seguido del ácido linoleico (18: 2), Ácido poliinsaturado que constituye el 31,92% del aceite. El ácido palmítico (24,96%) es el ácido graso saturado más abundante, mientras que el ácido esteárico y el ácido valérico constituyen (7,3%) y (1,96%) respectivamente. La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite analizada contra diez cepas de organismos que incluyen: Streptococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, Rhijoptius st. Los valores de Concentración de inhibición mínima (CIM) obtenidos para los aceites varían de 31.25 a 125 mg / ml frente a todos los organismos de prueba y se encuentran dentro del rango de 0,125 a 0,5 mg / ml para el jabón preparado. El análisis fisicoquímico del jabón de P. africana fue comparable al de los jabones antisépticos comerciales. El resultado indicó que se podrían obtener jabones antisépticos naturales renovables de calidad a partir del aceite de semilla de P. africana. El resultado confirma que los jabones hechos de lejía natural (solución alcalina) tienen la capacidad de reemplazar los jabones antisépticos comerciales existentes hechos de hidróxidos de sodio o potasio sintéticos, agentes antimicrobianos, conservantes artificiales y colorantes que en parte representan la contaminación ambiental, el aumento de la resistencia antimicrobiana y la endocrina. ruptura. La adopción de esta técnica de síntesis de jabón antiséptico verde que utiliza aceite de semilla de P. africana poco explorada puede ayudar a mitigar el impacto ambiental negativo de los reactivos sintéticos no biodegradables.

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