Addition of almond shell extract to electrochemical process bath such as electropolishing and
electrorefining of copper was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and surface investigation.
Addition of several concentrations of the extracts provide a sharp decline in electrorefining rate, but
gave augmentation in electropolishing rate. Surfce investigation provided the confirmatory evidence
of improved surface texture by almond shell extract addition to copper electropolishing and
electrorefining electrolyte. Kinetic investigation and activated constraints were calculated for the
electrochemical processes. A distinct improvement in the surface texture was observed where surface
irregularity, roughness (Ra) diminishs from 0.95 to 0.43, 0.32, 0.22 and 0.06 μm in the presence of 25,
100, 150 and 200 ppm extract.
Some pharmaceutical drugs namely valsartan, hydrocholorothiazide, erythromycin thiocynate and diclofenac potassium were studied as chemical additions for enhancing the finished copper surface attained. Anode potential-limiting current relationship was measured and comparing of gradually increasing pharmaceutical compound concentrations (from 1 × 10-4 to 7 × 10-4 M). Copper dissolution behaviour in presence of pharmaceutical compounds was studied under natural convection [rotating cylinder (RCE) and rotating disc electrode (RDE)] as forced convection. The limiting current was
found to diminish with enlarging additives concentration and increase with increasing temperature (293-313 K). Activation energies values confirm that reaction rate was diffusion controlled. The results showed that the improvement produced in electropolishing in presence of pharmaceutical compounds occurs through adsorption of their molecules above metal surface. All the pharmaceutical compounds adsorption process obey kinetic-thermodynamic model. The data under different conditions were
controlled by dimensionless correlations viz. Sherwood, Schmidt and Reynolds numbers. Surface morphology also confirmed that an addition of pharmaceutical compound to copper dissolution bath enhance surface appearance and its texture quality to great extent.
Copper electro dissolution in H3PO4 acid is examined in solution containing different concentration of Hibiscus extract (Hibiscuss abdariffa). Potential of anode limiting current relation were computed and estimate of gently raising Hibiscus extract concentration (500-2000 ppm), The results reveal that Hibiscus extraction as a natural product has strong retardation behavior ranging from 24.5 � 42.1 % and the thermodynamic factors, adsorption isotherm and dimensionless parameters were given. Copper dissolution behavior in Hibiscus extract containing solution was investigated below ordinary convection and rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) as a compulsory convection. The rotating cylinder electrode RCE speed was investigated. The limiting current increases with increasing rotation, which indicates that the anodic corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process. The limiting current were reduced with raising extract plant concentration and raise with amplifying temperature from 293 -313 K). The activation energy values established which reaction rate was controlled via diffusion. Hibiscus extract adsorption follow Flory Huggins and kinetic thermodynamic models. The result at several circumstance was commanded via dimensionless correlations Sherwood (Sh), Schmidt (Sc) and Reynolds (Re) numbers.
The present work represent potential bio-sorbent (banana and pomegranate peel) in nano size range, with a view to for adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solution. Dose, adsorbate concentration, pH, time, and temperature factors were investigated. The most favorable stipulations for Pb (II) adsorption are 50 mg /L as initial concentration, 0.2 g as pomegranate and banana peels mass and pH 5.5 and 5.23for banana and Pomegranate peel. Removal data obey the Langmuir model with qmax of 25.64 mg/g for banana and 41.66 mg/g for Pomegranate peel. The kinetics of removal process was fitted well by a second -order equation. It was observed that that the Pb (II) ion adsorption process on the both bio-sorbents is spontaneous process, endothermic for banana while exothermic for pomegranate peel. A distinct improvement in the adsorbent surface was noted after adsorption process which demonstrated via scanning electron microscope.
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