Professional review teams in nine Third World countries assessed a sample of children referred as probable cases (or as controls) from a door to door household survey of 1000+ children aged 3 to 9 years. Retrospectively each team specified the criteria they had used to decide on whether or not individuals should be classified as "severely mentally retarded" (intellectually disabled). The paper analyses these criteria in terms of the behavioural domains to which they refer, the measures with which they were operationalised and the ways in which they were coordinated to arrive at a "diagnosis". Substantial consensus was found on the importance of five broad domains, although the precise measures used varied across the teams. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Abstract:The study explores the phenomenon of depression as a function of gender and residence. A total of 40 respondents constituted the sample. The age of the respondents ranged from 40-65 years. A 2×2 factorial design representing two levels of gender (Male/Female) and two levels of residential background (Urban/Rural) was used. Two hypotheses were formulated. The first hypothesis states that female would exhibit more depressive symptoms than the males. The second hypothesis states that respondents with rural residential background would exhibit more depressive symptoms than the respondents with urban residential background. The statistical technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis of data. The results provided empirical support to the second hypothesis. It was found that respondents with rural residential background expressed significantly more depressive symptoms than the respondents with urban residential background.Key words: Depressive affect, self-esteem, adolescence, brain chemistry, mental health. mvivsk: wj½ I evm¯' vb ‡f ‡` welboe Zvi ‡ ¶Î Aby mÜv ‡bi D ‡Ï ‡k¨ GB Aby a¨vbwU cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| †gvU 40 Rb DËi`vZv ‡K bgy bvq Aš-f© y ³ Kiv n ‡q ‡Q| DËi`vZvM ‡Yi eqm 40-65 eQi ch© š-we¯-… Z | GLv ‡b 2 × 2 Dcv`vb wfwËK bKkv cÖ ‡qvM Kiv nq Ges wj ‡½i `y BwU ¯-i (cy i"l/gwnjv) I evm¯' v ‡bi `y BwU ¯-i (kni/MÖ vg) e¨envi Kiv nq| GLv ‡b `y BwU cÖ Kí MVb Kiv n ‡q ‡Q| cÖ _g cÖ K ‡í ejv n ‡q ‡Q †h, cy i"l ‡`i Zz jbvq gwnjviv AwaK gvÎvq welboe Zvi j ¶Y¸ ‡jv cÖ Kvk Ki ‡e| wØZxq cÖ K ‡í ejv n ‡q ‡Q †h, MÖ vg n ‡Z AvMZ DËi`vZvMY kni †_ ‡K AvMZ DËi`vZvM ‡Yi †P ‡q AwaK gvÎvq welboe Zvi j ¶Y¸ ‡jv cÖ Kvk Ki ‡e| DcvË we ‡k− l ‡bi Rb¨ cwimsLvwbK †f`v¼ we ‡k− lY c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| Aby a¨v ‡bi djvdj wØZxq cÖ KíwU ‡K e¯' wbôfv ‡e mg_© b K ‡i ‡Q| my Zivs †`Lv hvq †h, MÖ vg n ‡Z AvMZ DËi`vZvMY kni n ‡Z AvMZ DËi`vZvM ‡Yi †P ‡q Zvrch© cỸ© fv ‡e AwaK gvÎvq welboe Zvi j ¶Y cÖ Kvk K ‡i ‡Q|
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