Brucellosis is a zoonosis that has a devastating impact on the economy and public health, particularly in the Middle East, including Egypt. This study aimed to define risk factors associated with brucellosis in humans and in their cattle in Fayoum governorate - Upper Egypt. Also, molecular genotyping of recovered Brucella isolates from human cases and their cattle to assess the potential cross-species transmission in the study region. Data were obtained via double matched case–control studies for brucellosis in humans (106 cases and 160 controls) and in their cattle (78 cattle cases and 105 cattle controls). The results of multivariate regression analysis revealed that predictors of human brucellosis were animal-related occupations (OR 2.1, P 0.02), previous infection in other household members (OR 3.2, P 0.007), eating home-made soft cheese (OR 2.3, P 0.03), and exposure to cattle abortions (OR 6.9, P < 0.001). For cattle, predictors of brucellosis were maturity ≥2 years of age (OR 2.9, P 0.01), ≥2 animals reared by the same household (OR 3.7–6.9, P ≤ 0.001), and recent abortion (OR 15.2, P 0.01). Twelve Brucella isolates were recovered from eight human cases (7.5%, 8/106) and four cattle cases (6.2%, 4/65). All isolates were B. melitensis biovar 3. Analysis of the IS711 gene sequence revealed complete homology (100%) between isolates. Six virulence genes were utilized for virutyping: virB (100%), omp25 (100%), amiC (100%), ure (91.7%), wbkA (91.7%), and bvfA (75%). Virutyping revealed four virutypes: V1 (lack bvfA , 16.7%), V2 (harbored all genes, 66.7%), V3 (lack wbkA , 8.3%), and V4 (lack wbkA and ure , 8.3%). Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) typing revealed two REP types. Combined REP-PCR/virulence genotyping revealed five different genotypes (G1–G5) for the detected isolates and a unique genotype for the reference strain (G6, B. melitensis bv3 Ether). Human and cattle isolates from the same household had matched genotypes. In conclusion, there were widespread risk factors among the cases studied. Health education for high-risk groups is essential for disease prevention, and combined REP-PCR/virulence genotyping is a quick tool for traceability, particularly in developing countries endemic with brucellosis as Egypt.

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is recognized as a growing problem for different farms and infection of farm animals with abscesses is detrimental to livestock due to the enormous economic losses. This study aimed to find out the bacterial infection of some cases in farm animals suffering from wounds and abscesses in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt and Related Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) procedures and technical investigations focused on disinfectant effects or the effects of AMR on bacterial persistence. The samples were collected from 130 different animals (24 buffaloes, 6 cows, 35 sheep, 40 goats, 10 camels and 15 donkeys). By bacteriology examination, eight isolates (33.3%) of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovarequi (C. equi) was isolated only from buffalo with edematous skin lesions (OSD), while Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis (C. ovis) were isolated from sheep and goats with caseous lymphadenitis lesions in a rate 28.6% and 27.5% respectively. On susceptibility test against antimicrobial agents. Pipracillin-tazablam was the best of choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C. equi (20%).The result showed the bacterial growth at OD595 after treatment with Povidone-iodine (PI) 10% at different time intervals, where all types of isolates showed the lowest growth after 24 h, C. ovis showed the lowest bacterial growth, while the C. equi showed the lowest bacterial growth with H2O21%. Conclusion: Caseous lymphadenitis remains an important challenge for the sheep and goat industries. C. equi also plays a role in buffalo raring and caused edematous skin disease which affects milk and meat production. The high resistance of both C. ovis and C. equi to antibiotics and disinfectants reflected the necessity to adopt control measures. MRSA, as well as PDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were observed animal wounds which prove the bad hygiene. Increasing contact time is more effective against microbes.

In dairy industry, bovine mastitis is the most prevalent disease, which reduces milk production and causes economic losses. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis and some bacteria causing mastitis in dairy farms and partial sequencing of 16SrRNA target genes and Quinolones Resistance Determining Regions (QRDRs) (gyrA and parC) in M. bovis isolates. 370 milk samples were obtained from farms located in villages in Fayoum governorate, Egypt. The examined milk samples (8,91%) were positive for the California mastitis test (CMT). Multiplex RT-PCR was used for the recognition of microorganisms causing mastitis (Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus species (spp.), Escherichia (E.) coli, and Mycoplasma (M.) bovis) from mastitic milk. The results revealed that E. coli was the most predominant (84.8%) followed by S. aureus (81.8%) while M. bovis was the lowest one (51.5%). Mixed infection with two or more mastitic bacterial agents was also identified. All 33 examined mastitic milk samples were diagnosed with mixed infection with E. coli, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. and M. bovis (36.36%), E. coli and S. aureus (21.21%), and rephrase E. coli, M. bovis, and Streptococcus spp. (6.06%). The sequence analysis of M. bovis 16SrRNA genes illustrated a high similarity of examined isolates to strains previously deposited in the GenBank recovered from the same locality. The gyrA amino acids showed no substitution but showed 100% similarity with M. bovis isolates worldwide. However, the amino acid sequence of parC, showed substitution at positions 2 (Gln to Arg) (CAG >>CGT), 75 (Ile to Ser) (ATT>>AGC), and 79 (Asn to Asp) (AAC>>GAT). Sequence results can lead to the creation of appropriate treatment and control measures for M. bovis, while multiplex RT-PCR, can be exploited as a standard diagnostic method for major mastitis pathogens.

Milk is considered one of the most perfect foods for humans and milk contains many nutrients. Subclinical mastitis has been counted as a great problem for dairy manufacture. The disease causes severe economic losses due to lower milk production, treatment costs and increased labor and milk retained for human consumption after treatment and premature culling. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 villages of Tamia district, Fayoum governorate, Bacteriological examination, Antibiotic susceptibility test, to study the presence of sub-clinical mastitis and milk contamination during milk separation and milking process and to detect the most resistance isolate to antibacterial agents and find the suitable antibacterial and disinfectants. 25.7% of the milk samples were positive for the California test. Skim milk and cream showed the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus aglacteae (S. aglacteae), Coliform bacteria, Arcanobacterium pyogenes (A. pyogenes) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The microbiological quality of the two disinfectants tested was considered satisfactory, as no significant number of microbial contaminants were recovered from them following the sterility test. Only 26.7% of milkers use water and soap for washing their hands. The participants had a lack of information about subclinical mastitis and improper hygienic practices during the milking and milk-handling process.