Since the summer of 2017, severe decline symptoms have been observed on 10-to 25-year-old avocado trees in almost all commercial orchards planted in the Mediterranean coastal region of Turkey. Young, newly planted trees in infected orchards were also affected by the disease. Affected trees showed wilting, leaf discoloration, defoliation and severe dieback. Some trees were completely desiccated. Although fine roots of symptomatic trees usually were decayed, reddish brown cankers also occurred on taproots and lateral roots, of heavily infected trees. The pathogens were isolated from necrotic root and soil samples of symptomatic trees, using selective medium and soil baiting, and were identified based on morphological features and DNA sequences. One isolate each of Phytophthora cryptogea and P. palmivora were identified, while all other isolates were P. cinnamomi. In addition, a subcortical fan-shaped mycelium, characteristic of Armillaria spp. was observed in the crown of a symptomatic tree and identified as Armillaria gallica by DNA sequences. Pathogenicity of Phytophthora isolates was tested by stem inoculation on avocado seedlings. Two months after inoculation, canker lesions developed on stems of seedlings inoculated by any of the three Phytophthora spp.. In contrast, collenchyma callus formed over the wound points on control plants over the same time period. This is the first report of P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. palmivora and A. gallica causing root rot of avocado trees in Turkey. In addition, P. cryptogea and A. gallica are reported for the first time associated with disease on this host. Due to the severe symptoms and widespread occurrence, P. cinnamomi should be considered a potential threat to avocado cultivation and natural ecosystems of this region of Turkey. IntroductionAvocado (Persea americana Miller) is a tree species native in Guatemala, Central America and Mexico (Henao et al., 2017). It is a significant and nutritious fruit crop grown in both the tropical and subtropical regions in many parts of the world (Menge et al., 2012). World production of avocados in 2017 was estimated at approx. 6 million tonnes with the highest production in Mexico.other important avocado producing countries include Dominican Republic,
Öz Türkiye'de avokado yetiştiriciliği, yüksek pazar potansiyeline sahip olduğu için Akdeniz bölgesinde giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Avokadonun pazar değerini, meyvenin hasat olgunluğu ve hasat sonrası olgunlaşma süreci etkilemektedir. Avokadonun klimakterik özellik göstermesi nedeniyle, farklı ekolojik koşullarda olgunluk kriterlerin belirlenmesinin ticari önemi ve gerekliliği bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle; ülkemizde yetiştirilen Edranol, Ettinger ve Wurtz çeşitlerinde, ekim ayından başlamak üzere 15-20 gün aralıklarla meyve örnekleri alınarak, hasat ve olgunlaşma sürecinde analizleri yapılmıştır. Her bir çeşidin meyve olgunluk indeksinin tanımlanmasında, meyve etinin kuru ağırlık ve yağ içeriği, hala en güvenilir sonuçları vermektedir. Bu indeks değerlerinin yetersiz kaldığı durumlarda ise, diğer hasat sonu analizleri (tat, meyve eti sertliği ve meyve ağırlık kaybı) olgunluk tespitinde yardımcı olmuştur. Sonuç olarak; erken hasat, Edranol için ekim ayının ortasından ocak ayının başına kadar, Ettinger için ekim ayı boyunca, Wurtz için ekim ayı ortasından ocak ayının ortasına kadar devam eden dönem olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimum hasat, Edranol için ocak başından nisan sonuna kadar, Ettinger için kasım başından ocak ortasına kadar ve Wurtz için ocak ortasından nisan sonuna kadar süren dönem olarak saptanmıştır. Geç hasat ise, Edranol için mayıs ayı boyunca, Ettinger için ocak ortasından şubat ortasına kadar ve Wurtz için mayıs başından haziran başına kadar devam eden dönem olarak kararlaştırılmıştır.
In this research, the sapling growth performances of Pecan cultivation in Aydın ecological conditions were investigated. "Burkett" Pecan rootstock and "Mahan14", "Wichita7" and "Choctaw2" pecan cultivars were used. Starting from the date of planting; Sapling stem diameters were measured 5 cm above the graft site. Diameters of rootstocks was measured 5 cm below the graft site, bud burst dates are determined (min %70 of buds), shoot diameters were measured at 15-day intervals from the place after the first two buds. Shoot lengths were measured at 15-day intervals. The measurements were carried out for 2 consecutive years. Repeared Measures Anova is used to determine whether there are significant differences in the data. The development difference between cultivars in both regions was investigated. In the analysis, averages of five replicate measurements in two years and 12 different periods. Pecan saplings showed a good development in the ecological conditions of Aydin (37°45′ 0″N - 28°0′0″E). These results show that in the province of Aydın, Pecan cultivation can be done except in very cold and very dry places. However, the study should be supported by future fruit productivity studies. The present research findings will be useful for regions with similar climatic conditions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.