An experiment was conducted on Urochondra setulosa (grass halophyte) to explore its survival mechanism under stress conditions. For this, different treatments of salinity/sodicity (pH ~ 9.5, pH ~ 10, ECe ~ 30 dS/m, ECe ~ 40 dS/m and ECe ~ 50 dS/m) were created in micro-plots. Roots are the primary structure that first senses the negative effects of salt stress. So, roots were selected to study the tolerance mechanism. Salinity stress caused higher Na+ accumulation and less reduction in K+ content in comparison to sodic stress. Roots accumulated 4.57 folds higher proline at ECe ~ 50 dS/m, whereas under pH ~ 10.0, 3.11 fold higher accumulations than the control roots were observed. Higher reduction in protein content was observed under sodicity stress than salinity stress. In control roots, a total of 26 polypeptide bands were expressed ranging from 12.43 kDa to 81.3 kDa. Under high salinity stress, number of polypeptide bands increased to 31 at ECe ~ 50 dS/m that might be responsible for their survival and growth while sodic stress led to disappearance of more number of polypeptides with a total number of 23 polypeptides at pH ~ 10.0. Interestingly, it was also found that sodic stress had higher damaging affect on Urochondra metabolism in comparison to salinity stress which makes it salinity tolerant grass.
Present study was carried out to assess the effects of soil salinity/sodicity on mineral nutrient status of Urochondra setulosa, Leptochloa fusca and Sporobolus marginatus at ICAR- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana during 2016–19. Treatments of salinity/sodicity (pH ~ 9.5, pH ~ 10, ECe ~ 30 dS/m, ECe ~ 40 dS/m and ECe ~ 50 dS/m) were created in microplots (2.5 m × 1.5 m × 0.5 m) using saline/sodic water. Na+ and Cl– content (% DW) significantly increased with increasing sodicity/salinity stress condition in all three grass halophytes, whereas K+ content decreased. These grass halophytic species showed relatively less reduction in Ca, Mg and Fe contents up to sodic stress of pH ~ 9.5 and salinity level of ECe ~ 40 dS/m. Zn, Cu and Mn content decreased with increasing stress conditions but higher decrease was observed under sodic stress. The Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ ratio was considered as indicators for measuring salt tolerance in plants. Na+/K+ ratio increased with increasing stress condition in all the three grasses but Leptachloa maintained their Na+/K+ near pH 1.0 under sodic stress condition and also maintained their Na+/Ca2+ below 1.0 up to pH ~ 9.5 and ECe ~ 40 dS/m. Higher sodic stress of pH~10.0 caused significant increase in Na+/Ca2+ in Urochondra and Sporobolus, whereas under highest salinity level, Leptachloa showed highest value for Na+/Ca2+. Changes in the accumulation patterns of nutrient in response to salinity is an important aspect and study showed highest positive correlation between Ca - Mg & Zn and negative between Na - Ca and K.
With the development of multimedia technology, the rapid increasing usage of large image database becomes possible. To carry out its management and retrieval, Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is an effective method. It will be very difficult to manage this database of images stored at the remote servers. The right tool will be required which can process these images for different operations. These operations include searching etc. It will be difficult to classify the images into groups and then search each class for providing the image as the information against the user request query. The content based image retrieval is the most suitable way to identify the image from the large repository. It will search the image from the large set of images based on contents rather than the image name. It will be having less time to search the image from the large repository when the image is retrieved using content based. In the current research the hybrid approach for content based image retrieval is performed. This proposed procedure will be in the first step perform the classification of the image into multiple classes. The classes are prepared based on the attributes values.
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