Nigeria has witnessed diverse flood events in the past years and due to the high level of vulnerability and lack of coping capacity of the people, with the fast occurrence of extreme events resulting from climate change, many lives and properties are at risk of its impacts. This paper reviews the recent past and present efforts in assessing the flood impacts in Nigeria. We concentrate this study on the recent works (methods and results) in assessing flood impacts in the country under basic components of flood risk analysis: The hazards mapping and modeling, exposure and vulnerability assessment, with the aim of suggesting possible urgent needs and further development. Based on our review, we conclude that, there is need to explore more effectively the use of state of the art flood models, which integrates all hydrological processes for more accurate prediction and mapping of flood and its associated risks. Also, as one of the steps to plan for adaptation and mitigation of future flood risk and climate change, there is a serious need of detailed research in the development of regional or national flood damage functions for pre-disaster flood damage estimation. The study also suggests further study on the environmental and health impact of flood in the country.
The significance of air pollution as one of the contemporary issues and accelerating factors that propel climate change in both developed and developing countries cannot be overemphasized. The problem of air pollution has seemingly become intractable with the incessant failure of both global and local environmental policies purportedly emplaced to address its devastating trend, particularly in growing megacities of the world. The devastating effects of the phenomenon are more pronounced in megacities of developing countries than in developed ones. Lagos, as an industrialized, commercialized and an emerging megacity in Nigeria, has been subjected to several predictions of the negative impacts of changing climatic conditions partly caused by ubiquitous air pollution. Efforts at stemming the tide of the increasing challenges of air pollution worldwide has significantly been thwarted by inadequate funding, hence the need to review the literature on the environmental implications of growing air pollution, its contributions to climate change and its negative impacts on the lives and properties of teeming inhabitants of Lagos. A review like this will provide a synthesis of knowledge and information on mitigative and adaptive measures that can be adopted to minimize the impacts of air pollution on the mega city.This study utilizes consciously selected and current literatures on the subject matter and found that Lagos inhabitants have been vulnerable to virtually all forms of damaging effects of climate change majorly propelled by seemingly uncontrollable air pollution. This implies that the situation requires proactive measures, otherwise, avoidable loss of lives and large scale destruction of properties may be inevitable. The paper therefore advocates involvement of all stakeholders in both mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change through enhancement of indigenous knowledge and creation of awareness among citizens about the need to be conscious of their carbon foot prints.
The study attempted to assess land surface temperature (LST) 4.91±0.7, 3.53±0.3, 3.14±0.2 and 1.87±0.3 respectively, with their respective yearly temperature increase estimated at 0. 21°C, 0.15°C, 0.14°C and 0.08°C between 1991 and 2015
Ibadan has experienced a rapid urbanization over the past few decades due to heavy influx of people from different parts of the country as a result of improved economy of the region. This development induced a great change in land use and land cover over the region which has become a major environmental concern recently. This study assessed Land Surface Temperature (LST) and its spatio-temporal relationship with land cover type over Ibadan. Land use/Land cover dynamics were assessed using index maps generated from Landsat Satellite data (TM, ETM+ and OLI) of Ibadan. The corrected thermal Infrared bands of the Landsat data were used to retrieve LST. The results revealed a notable increase in built-up areas from 5.64% of the total land cover area in 1984 to 14.05% in 2014. This change has caused increase in surface temperature of Ibadan from 3.56˚C to 8.54˚C between 1984 and 2014 respectively. The study recorded a continuous decrease in the vegetal part of Ibadan (from 43.28% in 1984 to 14.76 in 2014) which could be attributed to anthropogenic activities as the vegetated land area lost was been converted to other form of land use. The change was found to be positively correlated to the surface temperature intensity over the region with correlation coefficient, r value of 0. 9251, 0.8256 and 0.7017 in 1984, 2000 and 2014 respectively. It is recommended that Policies should be considered for planting trees, new guidelines for urban landscape design and construction.
In recent times, the swift and uncoordinated urban expansion in the medium sized city of Osogbo has increasingly encroached on the environmental sensitive areas. This uncoordinated exploitation of the ecological fragile areas for urban development has triggered urban flooding, which poses serious threat to human lives and properties in the city. This study therefore utilized geospatial technologies to generate flood hazard model for medium sized cities in developing countries in general and Nigeria in particular with a view to identifying hotspots and providing measures to forestall flood occurrences. The study used Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-Digital Elevation Model (SRTM-DEM), Landsat 7-2000 and Operational Land Imager 8 (OLI)-2015 images. Multi-criteria evaluation method was used to derive the physical characteristics of watersheds from the data to delineate the areas vulnerable to flooding. Flood inundation characteristics were simulated using Hydrologic Engineering Centre-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model with GIS interface and found discharge of over 500 m 3 /s for the 100-year profile period to be high, given the size of the analyzed basin (207.41 km 2). The flood hazard map showed that 3.92, 103.38 and 100.11 km 2 were least, moderately and highly vulnerable areas respectively. Most prone areas were built-ups with high impervious surface in the basin area where floodplain traversed high and moderate vulnerability zones. The study advocates consistent use of dynamic model within GIS for floodplain delineation and management planning to reduce the flood hazards.
Purpose -Urban growth has increasingly drawn much attention of erudite scholars due to its central role in achieving a sustainable urbanization. Despite this awareness, studies on urban growth have continued to dwell on the traditional method of presenting geographical Information, which has proved to be slow and inadequate. The purpose of this paper is to adopt a Geographical Information System (GIS) in assessing the spatial pattern and the physical planning problems associated with the expansion of Ore township between 1964 and 2002. Moreover, the study tends to serve as baseline study for subsequent studies on medium-sized and nodal towns. Design/methodology/approach -The study utilized data from secondary sources such as Landsat-TM, February, 1986, Landsat ETM þ , December, 2002; Topographical map of Ore 1964 and population census data of Ore 1991. The study employed ILWIS Academic 3.2 GISsoftware to process the imageries. Coordinates extracted from the topographical map in UTM were used to georeference the enhanced and filtered images upon which supervised classification was performed, followed by error matrix operation and ground truthing to ensure high level accuracy. This results in six domains, namely, built-up, forest reserve, farmland, secondary forest roads and water bodies, which were analyzed on temporal basis. Predictive model was used. Findings -The study found that Ore township occupied an area of 1.2 km 2 in 1964, expanded to 11.3 km 2 in 1986 and 13.2 km 2 in 2002 respectively. The prediction showed a possible expansion of 55.33 km 2 by 2027. The results further revealed physical planning problems generated by these expansions -housing, inadequate waste disposal system, encroachment into agricultural lands, inadequate health facilities and poor drainage system. From field survey, 62 percent of 125 residential housing units sampled disposed refuse themselves, while 20 percent have no organized refuse collection and 18 percent dispose through other means. This suggests the vulnerability of inhabitants to health risks and environment problems. Practical implications -Urban growth data are useful in evaluating environmental impacts, delineating growth boundaries, developing land use zoning plans and estimating the expansion rate of a town to advise the government towards proper planning and distribution of utilities. These can be achieved through the adoption of GIS approaches to information gathering and analysis for regular monitoring and evaluation of development plans. Although it is capital intensive, it is worthwhile. Originality/value -The use of GIS and remotely-sensed data integrated with population census data and topographical map data has demonstrated the capability inherent in the new tools, GIS and remote sensing, to generate to some extent base line data for the town planners, in order to proactively channel the urban development in an appropriate direction, particularly the medium-sized and nodal towns that are somewhat neglected.
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