During routine dissection of an adult male cadaver, we found the following bilateral multiple variations in the carotid arteries. The left common carotid artery [Table/ Fig-1] bifurcated at the level of hyoid bone. The right 3] bifurcated in between the upper border of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. We found both the external and internal carotid arteries were tortuous in their course. The internal carotid was showing siphon at the level of tip of styloid process on both sides. The kinking was graded as grade 3 with angulation less than 30 0 . The left was relatively more tortuous than the right. The length of left external carotid was 8cm and right was 7cm. The measurements were taken from the point of bifurcation of common carotid artery upto the point where the external carotid artery gave the terminal branches namely maxillary artery and superficial temporal arteries. The length of internal carotid arteries were 7.3cm on right side and 7cm on left side. They were measured from point of bifurcation of common carotid artery up to the entry of internal carotid into carotid canal on the base of skull.Branches from the external carotid also showed variations. The superior thyroid artery arose from the common carotid much below the level of bifurcation on left side and at the level of bifurcation on right side. Supernumerary branches were arising from both the sides, namely, Arteries to Sternocleidomastoid muscle, tonsillar branches, Total 9 branches from right side of which 2 were branches to sternocleidomastoid muscle and 11 branches from left side of which 2 were branches to sternocleidomastoid muscle and one branch to tonsil. The branches to Sternocleidomastoid were crossing the internal carotid artery superficially and supplying the muscle. The tonsillar branch on left side passed along with internal carotid artery and then turned medially to enter the oropharynx to supply the palatine tonsil. DisCussionAnatomical variations occur throughout the course of carotid arteries. Variations may occur in origin, branching pattern and level of bifurcation.
Background : Anthropologists are often faced with the task of assigning sex to remains that are incomplete, fragmented or damaged as may result from incidents such as mass disasters, airplane crashes, fire, explosions or physical violence. The size of foramen magnum does not change after puberty, not related to age then after. It is this part of the cranial base which can withstand fire explosions as the area is covered by large amount of soft tissue. Hence the foramen magnum was considered for studying the sexual differences in skull. Aims : To analyse the morphology and morphometry of foramen magnum, and the impact of these variables on sex determination of skull. Materials and Methods : 68 male and 68 female adult dry skulls were used for the study. The shapes of foramen magnum were studied. Results : In total, oval was the most common shape comprising of 61.76%, 16.17% arrow head, 11.76% irregular and 10.29% round. The sagittal diameter was 33.0 [28-40] mm in males and 33.0 [28-43] in females and transverse diameters of foramen magnum were 27[21-31] in males and 26.0[23-33]mm in females. Area of foramen magnum was calculated using Radinsky and Teixeria formulae and foramen magnum index was calculated. Mean, standard deviation and median [where ever required] were calculated. Student t test and Mann Whitney U test/ T test were applied. We did not find significant difference between male and female values. Conclusion : Our study did not demonstrate statistically significant difference in expression of sexual differences in the foramen magnum. However if detailed analysis is done with greater sample size by discriminant function analysis, it may prove useful in predicting sex in severely fragmented cranial bases.
The word eczema seems to be originated in 543AD and is derived from the Greek word Ekzein meaning 'to boil forth or to effervesce'. Clinically, acute eczema is associated with marked erythema, superficial papules and vesicles which easily excoriate and lead to crusts. Chronic eczema is composed of rather faint erythema, infiltration and scaling. Eczema belongs to a group of complex disorders, where the development of the phenotype results from a complex interplay of different susceptibility genes and their polymorphic variants with environmental factors. Since dermatoglyphic traits are genetically determined this study was done to identify a genetic marker for the disease and predicting the individuals chance of acquiring the disease. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 220 patients of eczema and 150 normal healthy subjects. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were done. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative analysis,' Z' test was applied. the 'Chi' square test was applied for qualitative analysis. Results: We found statistically significant differences in certain parameters used for the study. Conclusion: These parameters may help us in identifying the individual susceptibility to acquire Eczema.
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