Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of malignant cancer found in the world today with a 3–10% increase in incidence each year. The American Cancer Society reported that 8 out of 10 patients with skin cancer are suffering from BCC with over 2 million new cases each year. BCC needs to be detected at the early stages to prevent local destruction causing disabilities to patients and increasing treatment costs. Furthermore, BCC patients who have undergone surgery are still at risk for recurrence, especially when the surgery performed fails to remove all the BCC cells, even when conventional histopathological testing after surgery has reported a surgically free margin. This review aims to evaluate studies on the use of BerEP4 immunohistochemistry staining on pathological sections of various types of BCC as well as its shortfalls. BerEP4 is a monoclonal antibody which detects specific epithelial-glycoprotein-adhesion-molecules (EpCAM) found on BCC cells. Various studies have shown that BerEP4 has a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting only BCC cells. The use of BerEP4 immunohistochemistry testing for the routine examination of cases of BCC is expected to be able to increase and improve early diagnosis as well as prevent recurrence after surgery.

Background BCC is currently the most common type of skin cancer in humans. Although having a low-grade malignancy and metastatic potential, BCC is locally aggressive and destructive. Despite numerous studies, the origin of BCC, whether arising from the follicular or interfollicular layer, remains controversial. Objectives This study aims to evaluate whether BCC arises from the follicular or interfollicular layer by using immunohistochemical staining. Methods Twenty-three specimens of superficial and nodular BCC at its very early stage were examined. The samples were immunohistochemically stained using BerEP4 antibody. The stained specimens were then examined and scored by 2 independent observers. Results BerEP4 was found to be strongly positive in all BCC lesions, including a very early lesions budding off the basal layer of the epidermis. Conclusion This study confirmed that the origin site of BCC is basal layer of epidermis. This finding suggests that BCC arises from the interfollicular epidermis.

There are several types of wounds with their own healing properties. The latest innovation in wound management by using occlusive dressings can prevent infections, improve healing time and patient’s comfort. Occlusive dressings are often used as an immediate wound hygiene control and also prevent blood loss until debridement is performed. They are used to protect wounds and surrounding tissue from pathogens and other harmful materials. A good cover depends on the condition around the wound, the person's skills, and the injury's nature. In this article, we provide an insight into the types of polymer materials used clinically in wound dressing and underlying mechanisms between the biomaterial dressings and the body tissue.

Background and Aim: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and its conditioned medium (CM) promote wound healing. This study investigated the wound healing potential of hUC-MSC CM in vitro and in vivo using diabetic animal models. Materials and Methods: The CM from hUC-MSC CM prepared under hypoxic conditions (hypoxic hUC-MSC) was evaluated for stimulating rat fibroblast growth, collagen production (in vitro), and wound healing in animal models (in vivo). An excision wound on the dorsal side of the diabetes-induced rats was established, and the rats were randomly divided into non-treatment, antibiotic, and hypoxic hUC-MSC CM groups. The cell number of fibroblasts and collagen secretion was evaluated and compared among the groups in an in vitro study. By contrast, wound size reduction, width of re-epithelialization, and the collagen formation area were assessed and compared among the groups in an in vivo study. Results: CM under hypoxic conditions contained a higher concentration of wound healing-related growth factors. Hypoxic hUC-MSC CM could facilitate fibroblast cell growth and collagen synthesis, although not significant compared with the control group. Re-epithelialization and collagen production were higher in the hUC-MSC CM group than in the antibiotic and non-treatment groups. Conclusion: Hypoxic hUC-MSC CM possessed more positive effects on the wound healing process based on re-epithelialization and collagen formation than antibiotic treatment did.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a malignant neoplasm derived from nonkeratinizing cells that originate in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is locally invasive, aggressive, destructive, and rarely metastasize. BCC is more common in the elderly. Etiopathogenesis associated with BCC is genetic, environmental, and most often is exposure to ultraviolet light. Clinically, there are five types of BCC, which are nodular, superficial, morpheaform, pigmented, and fibroepitelioma Pinkus. Early detection of skin cancer can be done with self skin examination. Definitive diagnosis of malignancy is determined by anatomical pathology examination. However, for very early BCC lesion, it’s difficult to determine with hematoxylin eosin staining. Therefore, it is uses Ber-EP4 staining which is specific and highly sensitive for early BCC growing as budding in basal layer of the epidermis and follicles. This finding is particularly significant in the development of molecular pathology and clinical management of BCC lesions or suspected BCC. ABSTRAKKarsinoma Sel Basal (KSB) merupakan neoplasma ganas dari sel yang tidak mengalami keratinisasi pada lapisan basal epidermis, bersifat invasif lokal, agresif, destruktif, dan jarang bermetastasis. KSB lebih sering terjadi pada usia lanjut. Etiopatogenesis yang berkaitan dengan KSB adalah genetik, lingkungan, dan yang paling sering adalah paparan sinar ultraviolet. Secara klinis, terdapat lima tipe KSB, yaitu nodular, superfisial, morpheaform, pigmented, dan fibroepitelioma Pinkus. Deteksi dini kanker kulit dapat dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan kulit sendiri (SAKURI). Diagnosis pasti keganasan ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan patologi anatomi. Namun, untuk lesi sangat dini KSB sulit ditentukan dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin eosin. Oleh karena itu, digunakanlah pewarnaan Ber-EP4 yang bersifat spesifik dan sangat sensitif untuk KSB dini yang tumbuh sebagai tunas di lapisan basal epidermis dan folikel. Temuan ini sangat berarti dalam pengembangan patologi molekuler dan penanganan klinis lesi KSB atau yang dicurigai KSB.