Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the dreaded complications of diabetes leading to chronic kidney disease and end stage renal failure globally. Microalbuminuria is the most sensitive marker of early recognition of the diabetic nephropathy. This study was carried out to find out the prevalence and potential risk factors of microalbuminuria which is the marker of diabetic nephropathy among diabetes patients in Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 227 in T2DM patients in private diabetic clinics and Bir hospital in Kathmandu. Data were collected using standard questionnaire format to collect demography, anthropometry, and laboratory assessment of, HbA1c, post prandial, fasting glucose and micro albumin in urine. Micro albuminuria was measured using early morning urine specimen. Micro albuminuria was considered positive when urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was found to be 30–300 mg/g creatinine in preferably an early morning or a spot urine sample. The entire lab test will be done by applying the internationally accepted standards of tools and techniques.Those that were reported >30mg/mL of micro albumin were considered as positive. Results: Out of total 217 diabetic patients, 56.2% (122/217) were male and 43.8% (95/217) were female. Among all age groups, maximum patients enrolled were between the age group 41 to 80 (95%).Of the total, 20% (44/217)) patientswereMA positive. A statistical significant association was seen between MA and BMI (p=0.029), duration of DM (p=<0.001, hypertension (p=<0.001, smoking (p=<0.001) and physical activity (p=<0.001). Conclusions: Diabetic patients in Nepal have prevalence of 20.3% microalbuminurea. Hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyles, duration more than 5 years of illness are found the most important risk factors for the development of microalbuminurea in diabetes. Keywords: Mellitus; microalbuminuria; type 2 diabetes
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes multitude of secondary pathophysiological changes in multiple organ system causing macro vascular (coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease) and micro vascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) complications. This study aimed to study the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in patients with diabetic mellitus presenting to this tertiary care centre. Methods: This clinical study was conducted in first affiliated hospital of Yangtze university, Jingzhou. All patients with a diagnosis of diabetic mellitus who came to Out patient department of Endocrinology & diabetic clinic and admitted in the hospital during a period between October 2013 to October 2014, who fulfill, were enrolled for the study. This was a single centered retrospective observational analylitcal study conducted in Department of Endocrinology of First affiliated Hospital of Yangtze, China. Results: Peripheral vascular disease was found in 35% of patients studied . There was significant correlation. Conclusion: A significant number of diabetics presenting with diabetes mellitus have underlying peripheral vascular disease. The patients might not all be symptomatic or show obvious signs of PVD but need to be investigated for the same. The older the individual the more the chances of having peripheral vascular compromise. Also a tobacco user and patient presenting with worse clinical findings is more likely to have PVD. Thus the detection of peripheral vascular disease in patients using Arterial Doppler studies along with routine clinical and laboratory assessment can be of great value in long term care of these individualsith age, and history of tobacco use.
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