BACKGROUND: Urinalysis is a simple, valuable, and low-cost tool for the detection of proteinuria, a significant risk factor for renal and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of proteinuria and its associated risk factors in patients attending Family Medicine Clinics in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, as no study of that nature had previously been conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this register-based cross-sectional study, data including urinary protein and other urinalysis components ordered between January 2018 and January 2020 were collected from electronic medical records. In addition, data regarding nationality, gender, age, blood pressure, body mass index, serum human chorionic gonadotropin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), 25-hydroxy Vitamin D level, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and lipid profile was also obtained. Proteinuria was classified as negative if no or trace protein was present, and positive if protein was ≥1+, and was considered overt proteinuria. RESULTS: In total, results of 2942 urinalysis tests were included. The mean age of the patients was 42.4 ± 14.5 years; majority of the patients were females (62.3%) and were Saudis (68.8%). The rate of proteinuria was 4.2%. Saudi nationality, female gender, age ≥ 40 years, high systolic blood pressure, high diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose ≥126, HbA1c ≥6.5%, BUN >20 mg/dl, creatinine >1.3 mg/dl, low eGFR <60, and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol were significantly associated with proteinuria based on bivariate analysis. Using a logistic regression model, a statistically significant association was observed between proteinuria and advancing age, the presence of urinary casts, elevated serum creatinine level, and Saudi nationality. CONCLUSION: The only variables that were independently associated with proteinuria using the logistic regression were the presence of casts in the urine, Saudi nationality, high creatinine level, and older age. These variables should be borne in mind by treating physicians.
Background: Noncompliance to treatment in chronic diseases such as hypertension is a very common phenomenon, owing to its chronic nature, lack of obvious symptoms, affordability, doctor-patient relationship, unawareness of complication, and forgetfulness. This noncompliance negatively affects disease course and increases risk of morbidity and mortality. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1999, through March 2017. The following search terms were used: drug compliance, hypertension medication compliance, antihypertensive drug compliance, factors affecting compliance, medication compliance. Aim: Our aim in carrying out this study was to understand the status of medication compliance among hypertensive patients, studying the factors that affect it, and exploring ways to improve compliance.Conclusion: We have noticed in the review that there is direct correlation between noncompliance and lack of proper doctor-patient relationship, patient education, and patients" belief about disease and treatment. Improvement on such factor can benefit the patients in great amount regarding blood pressure control and in preventing morbidity and mortality. More studies to analyze the lack of compliance must take place in Saudi Arabia, and stricter guidelines of doctor-patient-relationship must be reinforced.
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