We investigate the effect of axions on the polarization of electromagnetic waves as they propagate through astronomical distances. We analyze the change in the dispersion of the electromagnetic wave due to its mixing with axions. We find that this leads to a shift in polarization and turns out to be the dominant effect for a wide range of frequencies. We analyze whether this effect or the decay of photons into axions can explain the large scale anisotropies which have been observed in the polarizations of quasars and radio galaxies. We also comment on the possibility that the axion-photon mixing can explain the dimming of distant supernovae.
We consider models of gravitation that are based on unimodular general coordinate transformations (GCT). These transformations include only those which do not change the determinant of the metric. We treat the determinant as a separate field which transforms as a scalar under unimodular GCT. We consider a class of such theories. In general, these theories do not transform covariantly under the full GCT. We characterize the violation of general coordinate invariance by introducing a new parameter. We show that the theory is consistent with observations for a wide range of this parameter. This parameter may serve as a test for possible violations of general coordinate invariance. We also consider the cosmic evolution within the framework of these models. We show that in general we do not obtain consistent cosmological solutions if we assume the standard cosmological constant or the standard form of non-relativistic matter. We propose a suitable generalization which is consistent with cosmology. We fit the resulting model to the high redshift supernova data. We find that we can obtain a good fit to this data even if include only a single component, either cosmological constant or non-relativistic matter.
Cosmic ray events above 10 20 eV are on the verge of confronting fundamental particle physics. The neutrino is the only candidate primary among established particles capable of crossing 100 Mpc intergalactic distances unimpeded. The magnitude of νN cross sections indicated by events, plus consistency with the Standard Model at low-energy, point to new physics of massive spin-2 exchange. In models based on extra dimensions, we find that the νN cross section rises to typical hadronic values of between 1 and 100 mb at energies above 10 20 eV. Our calculations take into account constraints of unitarity. We conclude that air-showers observed with energies above 10 19 eV are consistent with neutrino primaries and extra-dimension models. An upper bound of 1-10 TeV on the mass scale at which graviton exchange becomes strong in current Kaluza-Klein models follows.
We perform a classical BRST analysis of the symmetries corresponding to a generic w N -algebra. An essential feature of our method is that we write the w N -algebra in a special basis such that the algebra manifestly has a "nested" set of subalgebras v N N ⊂ v N −1
Cubic kilometer neutrino telescopes are capable of probing fundamental questions of ultra-high energy neutrino interactions. There is currently great interest in neutrino interactions caused by low-scale, extra dimension models. Above 1 PeV the cross section in low scale gravity models rises well above the total Standard Model cross section. We assess the observability of this effect in the 1 PeV -1000 PeV energy range of kilometerscale detectors, emphasizing several new points that hinge on the enhancement of neutral current cross sections with respect to charged current cross sections. A major point is the importance of "feed-down" regeneration of upward neutrino flux, driven by new-physics neutral current interactions in the flux evolution equations. Feed-down is far from negligible, and it is essential to include its effect. We then find that the angular distribution of events has high discriminating value in separating models. In particular the "up-to-down" ratio between upward and downward-moving neutrino fluxes is a practical diagnostic tool which can discriminate between models in the near future. The slope of the angular distribution, in the region of maximum detected flux, is also substantially different in low-scale gravity and the Standard Model. These observables are only weakly dependent on astrophysical flux uncertainties. We conclude that angular distributions can reveal a breakdown of the Standard Model and probe the new physics beyond, as soon as data become available.
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