This study aims to assess the impact of psychological stress during the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with irritable bowel syndrome in the Saudi Arabia. We used an online questionnaire survey shared on social media to collect data. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia from 1 June 2020 to 31 August 2020. Inclusion criteria were Saudi citizens aged 18 years and above. The exclusion criteria were Saudi citizens under 18 years. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The study included 413 participants; 53.3% of participants were affected by IBS. Severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression were reported in 10.4%, 11.1%, and 8.4% of participants, respectively. There was a significant association between stress level and IBS symptoms based on Rome IV criteria, including frequent abdominal pain (P <0.000) more than 3 bowel movements per day (P <0.025), and less than 3 bowel movements per week (P <0.001). Anxiety level showed a significant association (P <0.000) between the last IBS symptoms, in addition to abnormal stool appearance. A significant association was also reported between depression level and frequent abdominal pain and abdominal bloating (P <0.000). The relationship between IBS medications and other factors that influence IBS symptom development was also considered. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the psychological state of many individuals, which has led to the triggering of symptoms in IBS patients. Attending to healthy habits and lifestyle, in addition to emotional and psychological support, may decrease the occurrence of IBS symptoms.
In nanotherapeutics, gaining insight about the drug interaction with the pore architecture and surface functional groups of nanocarriers is crucial to aid in the development of targeted drug delivery. Manganese ferrite impregnated graphene oxide (MnFe2O4/GO) with a two-dimensional sheet and spherical silica with a three-dimensional interconnected porous structure (MnFe2O4/silica) were evaluated for cisplatin release and cytotoxic effects. Characterization studies revealed the presence of Mn2+ species with a variable spinel cubic phase and superparamagnetic effect. We used first principles calculations to study the physisorption of cisplatin on monodispersed silica and on single- and multi-layered GO. The binding energy of cisplatin on silica and single-layer GO was ~1.5 eV, while it was about double that value for the multilayer GO structure. Moreover, we treated MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) and HFF-1 (human foreskin fibroblast) with our nanocomposites and used the cell viability assay MTT. Both nanocomposites significantly reduced the cell viability. Pt4+ species of cisplatin on the spinel ferrite/silica nanocomposite had a better effect on the cytotoxic capability when compared to GO. The EC50 for MnFe2O4/silica/cisplatin and MnFe2O4/GO/cisplatin on MCF-7 was: 48.43 µg/mL and 85.36 µg/mL, respectively. The EC50 for the same conditions on HFF was: 102.92 µg/mL and 102.21 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, immunofluorescence images using c-caspase 3/7, and TEM analysis indicated that treating cells with these nanocomposites resulted in apoptosis as the major mechanism of cell death.
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