Neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova1) is a well known brain-specific splicing factor. Several studies have identified Nova1 as a regulatory protein at the top of a hierarchical network. However, the function of Nova1 during hypoxia remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Nova1 against cell hypoxia and to further explore the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway as a potential mechanism. During hypoxia, the survival rate of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was gradually decreased and the apoptosis rate was gradually increased, peaking at 48 h of hypoxia. At 48 h after transfection of PC12 cells with pCMV-Myc-Nova1, the expression of Nova1 was significantly increased, with wide distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, the survival rate was significantly increased and the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax and caspase-3 were significantly increased in the pCMV-Myc group and significantly decreased in the pCMV-Myc-Nova1 group, whereas that of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the pCMV-Myc group and significantly increased in the pCMV-Myc-Nova1 group. This study indicated that Nova1 could be linked to resistance to the hypoxia-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells via the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway, and this finding may be of significance for exploring novel mechanisms of hypoxia and the treatment of hypoxia-associated diseases.
This study proposes a strategy for the rapid and simple synthesis of gold nanoparticles (CGA-AuNPs) with different particle sizes using trisodium citrate (TSC) as the first reducing agent and chlorogenic acid (CGA) as the second reducing agent. And the antibacterial activity of CGA-AuNPs with different particle sizes
in vitro
was checked by measuring the growth curves of
Escherichia coli
(
ATCC 25922
) and
Staphylococcus aureus
(
ATCC 25923
). The CGA-AuNPs obtained by the analysis of transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra were mainly spherical, and the average diameters were 18.94 ± 1.81, 30.42 ± 6.32, 37.86 ± 3.80 and 48.72 ± 6.47 nm, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) showed that these nanoparticles were polycrystalline gold structures. Both CGA-AuNPs and CGA have excellent antibacterial activity, and CGA-AuNPs with small particle size has a stronger antibacterial effect than the larger one. UV–Vis absorption spectrum data revealed that the synthesized CGA-AuNPs without adding other stabilizing agent were well maintained even after 26 days. This work provides a special idea to regulate the size of CGA-AuNPs with CGA by chemical synthesis, and the potent antibacterial activity of these CGA-AuNPs may be applied in the field of antibacterial in the future.
This study proposes an easy bottom-up method for the synthesis of photoluminescent (PL) graphene quantum dots (GQDs) using citric acid as the carbon source.
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