The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activity of methanolic extract and its fractions from fruits of Piper longum against strongyle ova, larvae and adult amphistomes respectively. The fruits of P. longum was identified and the accession number 006 was obtained. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, diterpenes and triterpenes in extract and fractions of P. longum. The extract and fractions were diluted serially in 6.25 per cent tween 80 to obtain concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.91 and 1.95 mg/mL. Ivermectin and thiabendazole at 10 µg/mL acted as positive controls and 6.25 per cent tween 80 as negative control. The methanolic extract was highly active against ova with IC 50 of 0.026 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction was potent in inducing larval mortality with IC 50 of 1.383 mg/mL while chloroform fraction inhibited larval migration with IC 50 of 1.796 mg/mL. Amphistomes were highly sensitive for methanolic extract of P. longum which possessed IC 50 of 5.493 mg/mL Based on IC 50 values, the methanolic extract was found to be most potent while chloroform fraction was effective against ova, larvae and also adults. GCMS analysis of potent methanolic extract revealed the presence of piperidinone, hydrocinnamic acid, ethylhexahydro azepine, methyleugenol, hexadecanoic acid and caryophyllene oxide which may have contributed for the anthelmintic activity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed mild vascular changes in liver. From the present study, it can be concluded that chloroform fraction of P. longum possessed maximum broad spectrum anthelmintic activity comparable to controls.

Mallotus philippensis is a shrub used for anti-filarial anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory anthelmintic and immune-regulatory purposes for centuries in the current study methanolic extract of M. phillippensis leaves was examined in vitro for cytotoxicity and apoptotic potential in (MCF-7), breast cancer cell lines Various biochemical tests used to investigate the phytochemical contents of the plant extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of M. phillippensis leaves revealed the presence of phenolic compounds steroids flavonoids alkaloids diterpenes and tannins The (MTT), dye reduction test was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of M. phillippensis (MCF-7), cells were grown in (RPMI), medium supplemented with (10%), serum and (1%), antibiotic and antimycotic solution M. phillippensis leaf extract reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), of (190g/mL), Acridine orange Ethidium bromide and fluoroprobe benzimidazole-carbocyanine iodide 5, 5’, 6, 6’-tetrachloro-1, 1’, 3,3’-tetra ethyl (JC-1), staining were used to examine the influence of the extract on the development of apoptotic characteristics in (MCF-7), cells. The (AO/EB), staining revealed apoptotic cells with orange-red fluorescence in extract-treated cells which increased in a dosedependent manner whereas control cells showed green fluorescence. Control cells stained with (JC-1), dye fluoresced red-orange whereas cells treated with extract showed red-green fluorescence whose intensity changed in a dose-dependent manner The methanolic extract of M. phillippensis leaves showed invitro cytotoxic potential as well as induced apoptotic cell death in human breast cancer (MCF-7), cell lines and may be studied further to generate a potent anti- cancer drug.

The hepatotoxic potential of azithromycin and the ameliorative role of vitamin E in azithromycin induced toxicity were studied in adult Wistar rats. The study also assessed the effectiveness of pretreatment and posttreatment of Vitamin E in protecting against the injury caused. Azithromycin at 30mg/kg and Vitamin E at 50 IU/kg were administered orally for a period of fifteen days. Azithromycin at the administered dose did not affect the body weight gain or the relative liver weight in treated rats whereas it significantly (P<0.01) decreased the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in liver. Pretreatment with vitamin E increased the levels of ALT, AST and SOD with no significant variations in the levels of ALP and catalase activities in the liver of rats. Significant (P<0.01) increase in the levels of AST and SOD in liver was also observed during posttreatment with vitamin E. The hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, packed cell volume and differential leucocyte count did not show any significant variation among different groups while the total leukocyte count was significantly (P<0.01) increased in vitamin E alone and Vitamin E pre and posttreatment groups. Histopathology of liver of azithromycin treated group revealed cloudy swelling, periportal fatty change and bile duct hyperplasia. The results of this study revealed that pretreatment with vitamin E could mitigate the lesions induced by azithromycin more effectively than the posttreatment. Hence, vitamin E prophylaxis at 50 IU/kg may be considered beneficial for protection of liver against azithromycin induced damage.

Cyclea peltata is a shrub belongs to Menispermiaceae family and is commonly known as “Pedal” or “Pada thalli”. The plant has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine as a healing herb for the treatment of various ailments such as skin infections, wounds, antipyretic, diuretic, diabetes, asthma, jaundice and snakebite poisoning. The objective of the present study was to characterize the active phytochemical constituents present in the aqueous, methanolic and n-hexane, dichloromethane, nbutanol, water fractions of methanolic extracts of C. peltata. To analyse the potent bioactive compounds, present in the extracts and fractions, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used. The qualitative phytochemical screening unveiled the presence of steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins in aqueous extract and alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins in methanolic extract. The fractions of C. peltata showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins. The Infrared Spectroscopy profiling showed the presence of alcohols, phenols, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, alkanes and aromatic compounds. From the study, it is concluded that the bioactive compounds present in the extracts and fractions of C. peltata was alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids which is responsible for the diverse pharmacological properties.

According to epidemiological research, the consumption of phytoestrogen rich foods has been shown to reduce the development of hormone dependent breast cancer Phytoestrogens improved the efficacy of ongoing chemotherapy Recent research indicates that polyphenols found in the tamarind seed coat have anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective antibacterial and antioxidant activities The current study was undertaken to evaluate the modulatory potential of methanolic extract of seed coat of T. indica on oestrogen and progesterone production in (MCF-7), cancer cell line T. indica seeds were procured locally shade dried and the seed coat was removed and extracted with methanol followed by concentration of the extract using a rotary vacuum evaporator The qualitative phytochemical analysis of seed coat extract was performed The cytotoxicity of T. indica seed coat was assessed in (MCF-7), cells using (MTT), assay and the (IC50), was determined The presence of alkaloids flavonoids steroids phenolic compounds diterpenes saponins glycosides and tannins were discovered by qualitative phytochemical analysis T. indica seed coat decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner with an (IC50), value of (16µg/mL), There was dose dependent decrease in oestrogen concentration, whereas the progesterone concentration was found to be increased after 96hrs of treatment with the extract From the study it could be concluded that methanolic extract of T. indica showed cytotoxicity in vitro against (MCF-7), cell lines and it positively modulated progesterone secretion and negatively modulated oestrogen concentration in a time dependent fashion in (MCF-7), cell lines Present in vitro study shows that methanolic extract seed coat of T. indica may have promising role in breast cancer prevention hence it can be used to develop novel compounds against hormone dependent breast cancer.