This study quantified the optimum doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Shatabdi) cultivation under irrigation by municipal wastewater (here after called wastewater). Separate experiments were conducted with the three nutrients, applying each at five different doses and the other two at the recommended doses. An equal amount of irrigation by wastewater was provided to each experiment. The spike length, spikelets per spike, grain yield and harvest index of wheat increased with the increase in N dose up to 100 kg ha −1 , but decreased with further doses. Most of the growth and yield attributes improved significantly (p = 0.05) with the increase in P dose up to 20 kg ha −1 , beyond which the P exerted negative, but insignificant, effect on the crop attributes. The omission of N or P significantly reduced the yield attributes and yield of wheat, with the dominant effect of N. Either the omission or the higher than the recommended dose of K had no significant suppressing effect on the grain yield of wheat. The crop most effectively utilized the nutrients when supplied at the lower doses. The omission of N or P or K minimally reduced the 1000-grain weight. The negative effects of the excess nutrient doses were the greatest for N and least for K, implying that N was the most limiting and K was the least limiting factors for wheat production.
Y-branched Bi nanowires (NWs) embedded in anodic aluminum oxide templates were synthesized by electrochemical deposition. Transmission electron microscope observations revealed that the “stem” and the “branches” of the Y-branched Bi NWs are about 80 and 50nm in diameter, respectively. Selected area electron diffraction studies showed that both the stem and the branches are single crystalline. Current–voltage measurement revealed that the parallel Y-branched Bi NWs have characteristics of conventional metal–semiconductor junctions. Our approach to produce one-dimensional metal–semiconductor junctions using Y-branched NWs consisting of only one kind of semimetal and without any external doping can be exploited to create metal–semiconductor junctions of other semimetals, which may find various applications in nanodevices.
This study presents a generalised online switching scheme for a space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM)based multilevel inverter of any voltage level. The proposed SVPWM algorithm implements a generalised three-(similar to five) and seven-segment switching scheme using the three most desired switching states and one suitable redundant state for each triangle. In addition, a novel three-segment and seven-segment switching scheme has been proposed, which eliminates extra switching commutations and hence minimises the switching frequency of the devices while reducing harmonics. The proposed modulation algorithm using the generalised expressions is implemented online. The performance of the proposed novel algorithm for N-level inverter is tested experimentally on a five-level cascaded inverter at various fundamental frequencies and the experimental results are verified with the simulation results.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.