Introduction: Anxiety and depression are among the most common mental health problems, and they are highly comorbid with each other. Many college students experience several mental health issues because of academic pressure, family expectations, difficult environment, and controlling people. Hence, the objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in college students of Kathmandu, Nepal, as very limited studies have been conducted in this area. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 504 students (317 male & 187 female, age range = 15 to 21 years, mean age = 17.12±0.90 years) of grade 11 and 12 studying in nine randomly selected colleges of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Participants with chronic medical illness and severe mental disorders were excluded from the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the information related to socio-demography, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess the status of anxiety and depression in college students. Data were entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results were presented in frequency and percentage. Results: The prevalence of anxiety in college students was 53.97%. Where, 28.57% students had mild anxiety, 18.85% had moderate anxiety, and 6.55% had severe anxiety. Similarly, the prevalence of depression in college students was found to be 39.88%. Where, 22.42% students had mild depression, 13.69% had moderate depression, and 3.77% had severe depression. Conclusion: The prevalence of both anxiety and depression among college students in Kathmandu valley, Nepal, was found to be very high. The Government of Nepal and other concerned bodies should pay attention to this area.
It is reported that about 1 in 11 adults have diabetes mellitus (DM) globally. A total of 415 million people have DM and an estimated 193 million people have undiagnosed DM worldwide. Where, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for around 90% of patients with DM. Yoga interventions appeared to be more effective in T2DM as compared to physical exercise interventions which may be because of various aspects of yoga other than the physical one. The yoga intervention involves subtle components such as mindfulness, relaxation, breath regulation, and notional corrections. The mechanism through which yoga works may be the down-regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which may lead to the improvement in psychological health, quality of sleep, autonomic balance, and reduction in insulin resistance. Lifestyle modification programs such as yoga interventions on a regular basis for long duration have potential to manage and cure T2DM. The government and the concerned bodies should pay attention to this area.
Low back pain (LBP) is defined as the pain and stiffness above the inferior gluteal folds and below the costal margin. The LBP lasting for the duration of 12 weeks or more is considered chronic low back pain (CLBP). The age-standardized incidence rate of LBP observed in South Asia was 2,362.13 per 100,000 population. The global incidence of LBP increased by 50%, from 149,294,134.47 to 223,455,640.82 cases from 1990 to 2019 respectively. Studies reported that the yoga-based interventions reduces disability, pain, pain medicine, stress, anxiety, depression and negative emotions, and improves spinal flexibility, quality of life and positive emotions in patients with CLBP more effectively than usual care and physical exercise. Yoga appeared to be more effective than physical exercise in patients with CLBP which may be because of various aspects of yoga, such as maintaining the yoga postures, breath regulation, mindfulness, meditation, relaxation etc. which separated yoga from physical exercises. It is suggested that the government and public hospitals should take actions to employ the ancient science of yoga to cure the patients with CLBP to avoid side effects and complications.
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