The content of walnut metabolites is related to its nutritive value and physiological characteristics, however, comprehensive information concerning the metabolome of walnut kernels is limited. In this study we analyzed the metabolites of walnut kernels at five developmental stages from filling to ripening using GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics; of a total 252 peaks identified, 85 metabolites were positively identified. Further statistical analysis revealed that these 85 metabolites covered different types of metabolism pathways. PCA scores revealed that the metabolic compositions of the embryo are different at each stage, while the metabolic composition of the endotesta could not be significantly separated into distinct groups. Additionally, 7225 metabolite-metabolite correlations were detected in walnut kernel by a Pearson correlation coefficient approach; during screening of the calculated correlations, 463 and 1047 were determined to be significant with r2≥0.49 and had a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤0.05 in endotesta and embryo, respectively. This work provides the first comprehensive metabolomic study of walnut kernels and reveals that most of the carbohydrate and protein-derived carbon was transferred into other compounds, such as fatty acids, during the maturation of walnuts, which may potentially provide the basis for further studies on walnut kernel metabolism.
HighlightsWe identified 173 AP2/ERF superfamily genes in Salix arbutifolia.A comparative analysis of AP2/ERF superfamily genes was performed.The phylogenic trees of AP2/ERF superfamily have been constructed.
Salix matsudana Koidz. is a deciduous, rapidly growing, and drought resistant tree and is one of the most widely distributed and commonly cultivated willow species in China. Currently little transcriptomic and small RNAomic data are available to reveal the genes involve in the stress resistant in S. matsudana. Here, we report the RNA-seq analysis results of both transcriptome and small RNAome data using Illumina deep sequencing of shoot tips from two willow variants(Salix. matsudana and Salix matsudana Koidz. cultivar ‘Tortuosa’). De novo gene assembly was used to generate the consensus transcriptome and small RNAome, which contained 106,403 unique transcripts with an average length of 944 bp and a total length of 100.45 MB, and 166 known miRNAs representing 35 miRNA families. Comparison of transcriptomes and small RNAomes combined with quantitative real-time PCR from the two Salix libraries revealed a total of 292 different expressed genes(DEGs) and 36 different expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Among the DEGs and DEMs, 196 genes and 24 miRNAs were up regulated, 96 genes and 12 miRNA were down regulated in S. matsudana. Functional analysis of DEGs and miRNA targets showed that many genes were involved in stress resistance in S. matsudana. Our global gene expression profiling presents a comprehensive view of the transcriptome and small RNAome which provide valuable information and sequence resources for uncovering the stress response genes in S. matsudana. Moreover the transcriptome and small RNAome data provide a basis for future study of genetic resistance in Salix.
Cembranoids are a group of natural diterpenoid compounds with pharmaceutical potentials, and the cembratriene-diols produced by Nicotiana (tobacco) species display activities in anti-nicotine addiction and neuron protection. Although the enzymes catalyzing cembratriene-diols’ formation in tobacco have been investigated, the regulatory mechanism underlying this physiological process remains unknown. This study has investigated the roles of phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) in regulating cembratriene-diol formation in N. tabacum cv. TN90 and found that JA and COI1, the receptor protein of the bioactive derivative of JA (i.e., JA-Ile), display critical roles in regulating cembratriene-diols’ formation and the expression of cembranoid synthetic genes CBTS, P450 and NtLTP1. Further studies showed that over-expressing either the gene encoding bHLH transcription factor MYC2a or that encoding MYB transcription factor MYB305 could upregulate the cembranoid synthetic genes and enhance the cembranoid production in plants with dysfunction of COI1. Further studies suggest that COI1 and its downstream regulators MYC2a and MYB305 also modulate the trichome secretion, which is correlated with cembranoid formation. Taken together, this study has demonstrated a critical role of JA-signaling components in governing the cembratriene-diol formation and the transcription of cembratriene-diol synthetic genes in tobacco. Findings in this study are of great importance to reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying cembranoid synthesis.
Currently, the leaf and stem as explants for rapid propagation in vitro remained unknown in Salix matsudana. Multiple shoots were regenerated from leaf and stem (stem apex and stem with axil). The optimum medium for callus regeneration and shoots induction from leaf was on WPM medium containing 6.0 mg/l zeatin (Z) and 0.75 mg/l NAA. The optimum medium of shoot induction from stem apex was on MS medium supplemented with 8.0 mg/l Z and 1.0 mg/l NAA, and from stem with axil was on MS with 8.0 mg/l Z and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Rooting of regenerated shoots was obtained on the same medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l activated charcoal.
Arrangement 28 29 Running title: SPR1 function in MT Elongation and polymerization 30 31 Highlight: Function of microtubule-associated protein SPR1 is directly related to light, and crucial to 32 the balance of tubulin polymerization 33 34Abstract: 35 Light signaling and cortical microtubule (MT) arrays are essential to the anisotropic growth of plant 36 cells. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) function as regulators that mediate plant cell expansion 37 or elongation by altering the arrangements of the MT arrays. However, current understanding of the 38 molecular mechanism of MAPs in relation to light to regulate cell expansion or elongation is limited. 39 Here, we show that the microtubule-associated protein SPR1 is involved in light-regulated directional 40 cell expansion by modulating microtubule elongation in Salix matsudana. Overexpression of SmSPR1 in 41 Arabidopsis results in right-handed helical orientation of hypocotyls in dark-grown etiolated seedlings, 42 whereas the phenotype of transgenic plants was indistinguishable from those of wild-type plants under 43 light conditions. Phenotypic characterization of the transgenic plants showed reduced anisotropic growth 44 and left-handed helical MT arrays in etiolated hypocotyl cells. Protein interaction assays revealed that 45 SPR1, CSN5A (subunits of COP9 signalosome, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis), and 46 ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5, a transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis) 47 interacted with each other in vivo. The phenotype of Arabidopsis AtSPR1-overexpressing transgenic 48 lines was similar to that of SmSPR1-overexpressing transgenic plants, and overexpression of Salix 49 SmSPR1 can rescue the spr1 mutant phenotype, thereby revealing the function of SPR1 in plants.50 51 Ketwords: Salix matsudana, microtubule, microtubule-associated proteins, protein interaction, light 52 regulation, cell expansion and elongation, SPR153 54 Introduction 55 Plant cells exhibit different development patterns, ranging from skotomorphogenic development in 56 darkness to photomorphogenesis. Cell proliferation of skotomorphogenesis in dark-grown seedlings 57does not significantly change, whereas the hypocotyl rapidly elongates in one direction, and this highly 58 directional cell expansion results in the elongation of this specific organ. This process is accompanied by 59 an apical hook, which is attenuated by pro-plastid differentiation that is essential to the initiation of a 60 newly germinated seedling to push through the soil. In contrast, when seedlings are exposed to light, 61 hypocotyl elongation is limited, petioles and cotyledons open, pro-plasmids develop into chloroplasts, 62 and roots elongate (And and Deng, 1996; Gendreau et al., 1997). Previous studies have demonstrated 63 that many factors mediate cell expansion and elongation in the dark and light, which include multiple 64 photoreceptors, plant hormones, and transcription factors (Castillon et al., 2007; Galvã o and Fankhauser, 65 2015). These studies have largely concern...
Light signaling and cortical microtubule (MT) arrays are essential to the anisotropic growth of plant cells. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) function as regulators that mediate plant cell expansion or elongation by altering the arrangements of the MT arrays. However, current understanding of the molecular mechanism of MAPs in relation to light to regulate cell expansion or elongation is limited. Here, we show that the MPS SPR1 is involved in light-regulated directional cell expansion by modulating microtubule arrangement. Overexpression of SmSPR1 in Arabidopsis results in right-handed helical orientation of hypocotyls in dark-grown etiolated seedlings, whereas the phenotype of transgenic plants was indistinguishable from those of wild-type plants under light conditions. Phenotypic characterization of the transgenic plants showed reduced anisotropic growth and left-handed helical MT arrays in etiolated hypocotyl cells. Protein interaction assays revealed that SPR1, CSN5A (subunits of COP9 signalosome, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis), and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5, a transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis) interacted with each other in vivo. The phenotype of Arabidopsis AtSPR1-overexpressing transgenic lines was similar to that of SmSPR1-overexpressing transgenic plants, and overexpression of Salix SmSPR1 can rescue the spr1 mutant phenotype, thereby revealing the function of SPR1 in plants.
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