This study was carried out with the participation of eight hospitals in Turkey to determine the frequency of gram-negative bacteria isolated in intensive care units (ICU) and to compare their resistance rates to selected antibiotics. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria isolated from ICUs during 1996 were studied. Antibiotic susceptibilities to imipenem, ceftazidime, ceftazidime-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefodizime, cefuroxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, amoxycillin-clavulanate, gentamicin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin were determined by Etest. A total of 748 isolates were obtained from 547 patients. The majority of organisms were isolated from the respiratory (38.8%) and urinary tracts (30.9%). Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated gram-negative species (26.8%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (26.2%). Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacter spp. were the other commonly isolated organisms. High resistance rates were observed for all antibiotics studied. Imipenem appeared to be the most active agent against the majority of isolates. Although resistance rates exceeded 50%, ciprofloxacin, cefepime and amikacin were found to be relatively effective. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production appeared to be a major mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. In contrast to ceftazidime-clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam showed poor activity against organisms thought to produce ESBL, suggesting the presence of an enzyme resistant to tazobactam action. This study has yielded high rates of resistance in aerobic gram-negative isolates from ICUs in Turkey. High resistance rates to all the other antibacterials studied leave imipenem as the only reliable agent for the empirical treatment of ICU infections in Turkey.
Ocak 2019) yüksek hacimli örnekleyici kullanılarak partikül madde (PM2.5) derişimleri ölçülmüştür. Mekânsal dağılımdaki farklılığı belirlemek için 14 noktada numune toplanmıştır. PM2.5 numuneleri, 24 saat boyunca 1,13 m 3 /dk bir akış hızında kuvars filtre kağıdı kullanılarak toplanmıştır. 14 örnekleme noktası için yaz ve kış mevsimleri ortalama PM2.5 konsantrasyonu sırasıyla 22,11 ± 4,30 µg/m 3 ve 45,44 ± 18,71 µg/m 3 olarak ölçülmüştür. PM2.5 en yüksek ve en düşük konsantrasyonlarına kış aylarında rastlanmıştır. Kış aylarında Sepetçiler, Yeşilova, 28 Haziran, Kabaoğlu örnekleme alanlarında ölçülen konsantrasyonların yaz aylarında ölçülen konsantrasyonlardan düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mekânsal dağılıma göre 28 Haziran Mahallesi'nde en düşük kirlilik gözlemlenirken, Cedit Mahallesi'nde ve Sanayi Mahallesi'nde en yüksek kirlilik gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bölgelerin, kentsel ve trafik kaynaklı diğer bölgelere göre farklı kirlilik kaynaklarından etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. K/Y oranı 28 Haziran Mahallesi, Yeşilova Mahallesi ve Sepetçiler Mahallesi'nde toprak kaynağı nedeniyle 1'in altında, Kabaoğlu Mahallesi'nde 1 ve diğer örnekleme alanlarında ısıtma amaçlı fosil yakıt kullanımına bağlı 1'in üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 46(1):18-26, 2016 doi:10.5222/TMCD.2016 Conclusion:We believe that our study is important in that it emphasized the role of neuraminidase in increasing the effectiveness of antibiotics on biofilm formation.
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