The agriculture and manufacturing sectors are the backbones of the Indonesian economy; for this reason, research on the effects of these sectors on carbon emissions is an important subject. This work adds urbanization to enrich research on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the EKC hypothesis was confirmed in Indonesia with a turning point of 2057.89 USD/capita. The research results show that all variables affect the escalation of greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between emissions with economic growth, emissions with agricultural sector, emissions with manufacturing sector, economic growth with agricultural sector, and economic growth with manufacturing. The unidirectional causality is found in emissions by urbanization and economic growth by urbanization. To reduce the impact of environmental damage caused by the activities of agriculture, manufacturing, and urbanization sectors, it is recommended that the government conduct water-efficient rice cultivation and increase the use of renewable energy.

This study aimed to (1) determine the effect of the quality of work life (QWL) and job satisfaction to organizational commitment ; (2) finding out the effect of the QWL, job satisfaction, organization commitment to employee performance ; (3) finding out the effect of the QWL and job satisfaction to employee performance with organization commitment as intervening variable. The sample in this research was employees of PT. Madubaru PG-PS Madukismo in Yogyakarta using 100 respondents; the sampling technique was using simple random sampling technique. The types of data used were primary and secondary data with data collecting techniques of survey approach (questionnaire). The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS 21 program and SPSS 23. The result of the research is that QWL does not affect the organizational commitment while job satisfaction affects the organizational commitment. The QWL and job satisfaction do not affect employees' performance, while organizational commitment affects the employees' performance. The QWL does not affect the employees' performance indirectly. Job satisfaction affects employees' performance indirectly with organizational commitment as intervening variable. The company should further enhance the employees' organizational commitment in order to higher the employees' performance. As previously mentioned, the performance of a company to achieve its goals is influenced by the performance of its existing employees within the company itself. The employee performance according to Mangkunegara (2008), is the quality of Keywords

El Nino occurrence tends to increase with longer duration, higher magnitude of climate anomaly, and shorter cycle period of occurrence. Climate anomaly induces decrease of rainfall and water availability with further consequence on food production decline by 3.06 percent for each El Nino case. Contrary to El Nino which causes rainfall and food production decreases, La Nina causes increases in rainfall and improves food production by 1.08 percent. The lowest production decrease induced by El Nino and the highest production increase caused by La Nina was observed on corn production indicating that corn production is the most sensitive to climate anomaly. To reduce possible food production decrease induced by El Nino a comprehensive mitigating policy is essential. The policy consists of three major efforts, namely: (1) establishment of earlier warning system on climate anomaly, (2) development of efficient dissemination system on climate anomaly information, and (3) developing, disseminating and facilitating farmers to implement cultural techniques adaptive to drought condition as well as improving, rehabilitating irrigation network and developing rainfall harvesting techniques. ABSTRAK Frekuensi kejadian El Nino cenderung meningkat dengan durasi yang semakin panjang, tingkat anomali iklim yang semakin besar, dan siklus kejadian yang semakin pendek. Anomali iklim tersebut menyebabkan penurunan curah hujan dan ketersediaan air irigasi yang selanjutnya berimplikasi pada penurunan produksi pangan sebesar 3,06 persen untuk setiap kejadian El Nino. Sebaliknya, kejadian La Nina cenderung diikuti dengan peningkatan curah hujan dan merangsang peningkatan produksi pangan sebesar 1,08 persen untuk setiap kejadian La Nina. Penurunan produksi pangan akibat El Nino dan peningkatan produksi pangan akibat La Nina paling tinggi terjadi pada produksi jagung. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa produksi jagung paling sensitif terhadap peristiwa anomali iklim. Dalam rangka menekan dampak negatif El Nino terhadap produksi pangan maka diperlukan kebijakan penanggulangan yang komprehensif yang meliputi tiga upaya pokok yaitu : (1) pengembangan sistem deteksi dini anomali iklim, (2) pengembangan sistem diseminasi informasi yang efisien tentang anomali iklim, dan (3) mengembangkan, mendiseminasikan dan memfasilitasi petani untuk menerapkan teknik budidaya tanaman yang adaptif terhadap situasi kekeringan di samping membangun dan merehabilitasi jaringan irigasi serta mengembangkan teknik pemanenan curah hujan. Kata kunci : anomali iklim, El Nino, La Nina, curah hujan, produksi pangan PENDAHULUAN Bencana alam yang menimbulkan dampak negatif pada berbagai aspek kehi-dupan manusia akhir-akhir ini semakin sering terjadi di wilayah nusantara. Peristiwa tsunami yang melanda wilayah Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Jawa Barat serta kejadian gempa di wilayah Jawa Tengah dan Yogyakarta merupakan contoh aktual yang mudah disimak. Fenomena alam tersebut umumnya merupakan suatu proses yang kompleks serta melibatkan banyak faktor alami sehingga gejal...

The study analyzed rice resiliencei Indonesia using the rice security index indicator to described the performance of rice resilience by comparing Java and Outside Java condition in the period of 2005-2017. The method used was a descriptive approach, based on secondary data in the form of time series data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), and Logistics Affairs Agency (Bulog). The data was in the form of rice production, rice consumption, rice stocks, export and import of rice and other relevant data. The study was conducted by compiling a food balance sheet and calculating the ratio of the availability of per capita rice to the consumption of per capita rice, considering the expectation of rice self-sufficiency. The results of the analysis showed that either in Java, Outside Java or at the national level, it indicated that rice production increased due to the increase of productivity, national rice consumption growth -0.0013 percent driven by per capita rice consumption growth -1.35 percent despite population growth of 1.47 percent while rice resilience grew 7.68 percent per year. Condition Outside Java had a better performance of rice resilience than Java with an increase in the relative surplus of rice availability which was 44.54 percent higher than Java. Java achieved a lower increase in rice resilience due to the lower growth in the availability of per capita rice and decreased per capita rice consumption compared to Outside Java.Optimizing of rice production Outside Java and management of community consumption patterns through means to diversified staple foods and increased the nutritional quality of consumption need to be done so that rice resilience in the future will increasedABSTRAKPenelitian mengkaji ketahanan beras di Indonesia menggunakan indikator indeks ketahanan beras untukmengambarkan kinerja ketahanan beras denganmembandingkan Jawa dan luar Jawa periode 2005-2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan deskriptif, berdasarkan data sekunder berupa data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Kementerian Pertanian (Kementan), dan Badan Urusan Logistik (Bulog), berupadata produksi padi, konsumsi beras, stok beras, ekspor dan impor beras serta data lain yang relevan. Kajian dilakukan dengan menyusun neraca bahan makanan dan menghitung rasio ketersediaan beras per kapitadengan konsumsi beras per kapita, mempertimbangkan harapan kemandirian beras. Hasil analisis regional Jawa dan luar Jawa maupun nasional menunjukkan produksi padi meningkat karena peningkatan produktivitas. Pertumbuhan konsumsi beras nasional -0,0013 persen didorongpertumbuhan konsumsi beras per kapita-1,35 persen meskipun terjadi pertumbuhan penduduk 1,47 persen, sehingga kinerja ketahanan beras tumbuh 7,68 persen per tahun.Kinerja ketahanan beras luar Jawalebih baik daripada Jawa dengan peningkatan surplus relatif ketersediaan beras lebih tinggi 44,54 persen dibanding Jawa.Peningkatan ketahanan berasJawa lebih rendah karena pertumbuhan ketersediaan beras per kapita dan penurunan konsumsi beras per kapita lebih rendah dibanding luar Jawa.Optimasi produksi beras di luar Jawa danpengelolaan pola konsumsi masyarakat melalui upaya diversifikasi pangan pokok maupun peningkatan kualitas gizi konsumsi perlu dilakukan agar ketahanan beras semakin meningkat.

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