Hospital acquired infection is responsible for long hospital stays, increased cost, and mortality. Multimodal studies have focussed on 5 causative factors-urinary catheters, vascular lines, pulmonary functions, surgical procedures and hand hygiene as the main incriminating factors of hospital acquired infections and their means of control to reduce them. This monograph discusses the history of asepsis, the 5 basic causes, the solutions and guidelines proposed by different studies and authors to reduce hospital acquired infections. It was a retrospective observational study done at Level-3 surgical ICU at tertiary referral hospital.
Objective: We aimed to examine the relationship between the levels of vitaminD, T and Z score using Dexa BMD in patients with chronic low back pain(CLBP) to investigate which of these factors is an essential investigation for asubject attendind spine clinic with chronic LBP.Methods: 299 subjects (female/male: 154:145) with CLBP, aged between 20 and60 years (mean age:45.05 ± 8.14), participated in the study. Patients wereclassified into three groups based on their serum vitamin D levels and T scoreand Z score : SPSS version 20 was the tool of statistical assessment.Results: T and Z score estimation through Dexa BMD was found to have abetter predictor for assessment and intervention than Vitamin D3.Conclusion: DEXA BMD is an inevitable tool to assess osteoporosis apart fromany value of Vitamin D3 irrrespective of age, sex and body weightLevel ofEvidence: Level IV, Retrospective record based study.Key words: DXA-BMD; Vitamin d3; T score; Z score; CLBP;retrospective record based study.
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